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SPD, Miswiring detection circuit, Miswiring protection algorithm, Installation safety

1. ์„œ ๋ก 

๊ฑด์ถ•๋ฌผ ๋˜๋Š” ์˜ฅ์™ธ์— ์„ค์น˜๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ „์ž๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋“ค์€ VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) ๋ฐ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์„œ(Micro- processor)๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์†Œ๋น„์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ €์ „์••๊ณผ ์ €์ „๋ฅ˜์— ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์–ด ๊ณผ์ „์•• ๋‚ด์„ฑ์ด ์•ฝํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ์ถ”์„ธ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์„œ์ง€์œ ์ž…์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „์ž๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ํŒŒ์† ๋˜๋Š” ์˜ค์ž‘๋™์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ „์ž๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ณผ์ „์••๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ์ง€ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์™”๋‹ค(1-3).

๊ตญ๋‚ด์˜ ์ „์›์šฉ ์„œ์ง€๋ณดํ˜ธ์žฅ์น˜๋Š” IEC 61643-11(์ €์•• ์„œ์ง€๋ณดํ˜ธ์žฅ์น˜ ์ œ11๋ถ€ : ์ €์••์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ์ €์•• ์„œ์ง€๋ณดํ˜ธ์žฅ์น˜- ์š”๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•ญ ๋ฐ ์‹œํ—˜๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•)๊ณผ IEC 61643-12(์ €์ „์•• ์„œ์ง€๋ณดํ˜ธ์žฅ์น˜ ์ œ12๋ถ€ : ์ €์ „์•• ๋ฐฐ์ „ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์— ์ ‘์†ํ•œ ์„œ์ง€๋ณดํ˜ธ์žฅ์น˜-์„ ์ • ๋ฐ ์ ์šฉ ์ง€์นจ)๋“ฑ์˜ IEC ๊ตญ์ œ๊ทœ๊ฒฉ์„ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ €์ „์•• ๋ฐฐ์ „๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ์ „๊ธฐํ•จ์ฒด์—๋Š” ์„œ์ง€์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ „๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ SPD๊ฐ€ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์„ค์น˜๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(4-5). ํŠนํžˆ, ์˜ฅ์™ธ์— ์„ค์น˜๋˜๋Š” CCTV ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ์™€ ํ†ต์‹ ์žฅ๋น„์—๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฐฐ์„ ์ด ์™ธ๋ถ€์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์–ด ๋‚™๋ขฐ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์„œ์ง€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ทจ์•ฝํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์˜ฅ์™ธ์šฉ ์ „๊ธฐํ•จ์ฒด์—๋Š” CCTV ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ ๋ฐ ํ†ต์‹ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ SPD๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ €์•• ์ „์›๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ์ ‘์ง€์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์ „๋ ฅ์‚ฌ์—…์ž์˜ ๋ฐฐ์ „๊ณ„ํ†ต์€ TN-C๊ณ„ํ†ต์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ €์•• ์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์„ค๋น„๋Š” ์ œ1์ข…, 2์ข…, 3์ข… ๋ฐ ํŠน๋ณ„ 3์ข…์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ‘์ง€์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ํ˜ผ์žฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋‹ค(6). ์˜ฅ์™ธ์— ์„ค์น˜๋˜๋Š” CCTV ๋ฐ ํ†ต์‹ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ํ•จ์ฒด ๋“ฑ์— ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์„œ์ง€๋ฐฉํ˜ธ์žฅ์น˜๋Š” TN๊ณผ TT๊ณ„ํ†ต์— ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” CT2ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉํ˜• ๋‹จ์ƒ SPD๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์žฅ์†Œ์— ์ ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜ฅ์™ธ์šฉ ํ•จ์ฒด์—๋Š” ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ๋ถ€์Šค-๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋˜์–ด์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ค‘์„ฑ์„ ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๊ณ , ์„ค์น˜์ž์˜ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ SPD์˜ ๊ฒฐ์„ ์€ ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ค‘์„ฑ์„ ์ด ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๋Š” ์˜ค๊ฒฐ์„ ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜ค๊ฒฐ์„  ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ๋„ SPD์˜ ์ƒํƒœํ‘œ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ •์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ๋งน์ ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์„œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์นจ์ž…ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ SPD์˜ ํŒŒ์†๊ณผ ์ง€๋ฝ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ „๊ธฐ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์˜ ์ค‘๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ค‘์„ฑ์„ ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์žฅ์†Œ์—์„œ ์ž‘์—…์ž์˜ ์˜ค๊ฒฐ์„  ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์„œ๋ฅผ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•œ ์˜ค๊ฒฐ์„  ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํšŒ๋กœ์™€ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ SPD์˜ ์„ค์น˜์•ˆ์ „์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

2. ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ณ ์ฐฐ

2.1 SPD ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ํ˜•ํƒœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜

IEC 61643-12์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด SPD์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ํ˜•ํƒœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ CT1๊ณผ CT2๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค(5). CT1์€ ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ค‘์„ฑ์„ ์—์„œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์„ ์„ PE (Protective Earth)์— ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ค‘์„ฑ์„  ์‚ฌ์ด์— SPD๊ฐ€ ์ง๋ ฌ๋กœ 2๊ฐœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์„œ์ง€์ž”๋ฅ˜์ „์••์ด ๋†’์•„์ ธ์„œ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. CT2๋Š” ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ค‘์„ฑ์„  ์‚ฌ์ด์— SPD๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ค‘์„ฑ์„ ๊ณผ ์ ‘์ง€์‚ฌ์ด์— SPD๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ค‘์„ฑ์„  ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ค‘์„ฑ์„ ๊ณผ ์ ‘์ง€ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1์— ๋„์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 1. IEC 61643-12์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ SPD์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ˜•ํƒœ

Fig. 1. Connection type of SPD according to IEC 61643-12

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2019.68.4.579/fig1.png

2.2 ์„œ์ง€๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์„œ์ง€ ์‘๋‹ตํŠน์„ฑ

์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„œ์ง€๋ณดํ˜ธ์žฅ์น˜์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์„œ์ง€๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์€ ZnO ๋ฐ”๋ฆฌ์Šคํ„ฐ์™€ ๊ฐ€์Šค๋ฐฉ์ „๊ด€(GDT, Gas Discharge Tube) ๋“ฑ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2์˜ a๋Š” ์„œ์ง€๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์— ์ธ๊ฐ€๋œ ํŒŒ๋‘๊ฐ€ 8ยตs์ด๊ณ  ํŒŒ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ 20ยตs์ธ ๋‹จ๋ฝํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜ํŒŒํ˜•์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2์˜ b์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ZnO ๋ฐ”๋ฆฌ์Šคํ„ฐ์˜ ์„œ์ง€์‘๋‹ตํŠน์„ฑ์€ ์„œ์ง€ ์ „๋ฅ˜์™€ ์ „์••์ด ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๋ฉด ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „์••์„ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋™์ž‘๋˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2์˜ c์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฐ€์Šค๋ฐฉ์ „๊ด€์˜ ์„œ์ง€์‘๋‹ตํŠน์„ฑ์€ ์„œ์ง€์ „์••์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚ฎ์•„์ ธ ์ „์••์„ ์Šค์œ„์นญํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋™์ž‘๋œ๋‹ค(5).

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 2. ์„œ์ง€๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ ๋ณ„ ์„œ์ง€ ์‘๋‹ต ํŠน์„ฑ

Fig. 2. Surge response characteristics according to surge protective components

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2019.68.4.579/fig2.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2์˜ ๊ฐ ๊ธฐํ˜ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

a : ์„œ์ง€๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์— ์ธ๊ฐ€๋œ ํŒŒ๋‘๊ฐ€ 8ยตs์ด๊ณ  ํŒŒ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ 20ยตs์ธ ๋‹จ๋ฝํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜ํŒŒํ˜•

b : ZnO ๋ฐ”๋ฆฌ์Šคํ„ฐ์˜ ์„œ์ง€์‘๋‹ตํŠน์„ฑ

c : ๊ฐ€์Šค๋ฐฉ์ „๊ด€์˜ ์„œ์ง€์‘๋‹ตํŠน์„ฑ

2.3 ์ ‘์ง€์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ผ์‹œ์  ๊ณผ์ „์••

๋ชจ๋“  SPD๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์—ฐ์†๋™์ž‘์ „์••์„ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์‹œ์  ๊ณผ์ „์••์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ์‹œ์  ๊ณผ์ „์••์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋Š” ์ง„ํญ๊ณผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ณผ์ „์••์˜ ์ง€์†์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ์ผ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „์›์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ ‘์ง€์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ขŒ์šฐ๋œ๋‹ค. SPD๋Š” ์ผ์‹œ์  ๊ณผ์ „์••์„ ์ธ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ์—๋„ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ณ ์žฅ์ƒํƒœ์—๋„ ์ธ๋ช…์ด๋‚˜ ์žฅ๋น„์— ์–ด๋–ค ํ”ผํ•ด๋„ ์ž…ํžˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•„์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” SPD์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. IEC 61643-12(์ผ์‹œ์  ๊ณผ์ „์••)์™€ IEC 60364-4-44(์ „์•• ๋ฐ ์ „์žํŒŒ ์žฅ์• ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณดํ˜ธ) ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ์ ‘์ง€์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ €์•• ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ์‹œ์  ๊ณผ์ „์••(TOV,Temporary Over Voltage)์€ ํ‘œ 1, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค(5),(7).

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 3. IEC 60364-4-44์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ตœ๋Œ€ TOV ๋„ํ‘œ

Fig. 3. Maximum TOV diagram according to IEC 60364-4-44

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2019.68.4.579/fig3.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3์˜ a์˜์—ญ์€ LV(Low-Voltage) ์„ค๋น„์˜ ๊ณ ์žฅ(๋‹จ๋ฝ)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ TT, TN ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  IT ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ์˜ ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ค‘์„ฑ์„  ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ UTOV, LV ์˜์—ญ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3์˜ b์˜์—ญ์€ LV ์„ค๋น„์˜ ๊ณ ์žฅ(์ƒ๋„์ฒด์˜ ์šฐ๋ฐœ์ ์ธ ์ ‘์ง€)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ IT ๊ณ„ํ†ต์—์„œ์˜ ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ ‘์ง€ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ UTOV, LV ์˜์—ญ์ด๋ฉฐ, LV ์„ค๋น„์˜ ๊ณ ์žฅ(์ค‘์„ฑ์„  ๋‹จ์„ )์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ TT์™€ TN์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ์˜ ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ค‘์„ฑ์„  ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ UTOV, LV ์˜์—ญ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3์˜ c์˜์—ญ์€ HV(High-Voltage) ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ๊ณ ์žฅ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, TT์™€ IT ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ ‘์ง€ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ธก ์ „๊ธฐ์„ค๋น„์—์„œ์˜ UTOV, HV ์ตœ๋Œ€๊ฐ’ ์˜์—ญ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  d๋Š” ์ •์˜๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์˜์—ญ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค.

ํ‘œ 1. IEC 60364-4-44์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ตœ๋Œ€ TOV ๊ฐ’

Table 1. Maximum TOV value according to IEC 60364-4-44

UTOV ๋ฐœ์ƒ

์‹œ์Šคํ…œ

UTOV, HV ์ตœ๋Œ€๊ฐ’

์ƒ(phase)๊ณผ ์ ‘์ง€(earth) ์‚ฌ์ด

TT, IT

Uo+250V ์ง€์† ์‹œ๊ฐ„> 5s

Uo+1200V ์ง€์† ์‹œ๊ฐ„ 5s๊นŒ์ง€

์ค‘์„ฑ(neutral)์„ ๊ณผ ์ ‘์ง€ ์‚ฌ์ด

TT, IT

250V ์ง€์† ์‹œ๊ฐ„> 5s

1200V ์ง€์† ์‹œ๊ฐ„ 5s๊นŒ์ง€

์œ„์˜ ๊ฐ’์€ ๊ณ ์••์—์„œ์˜ ๊ณ ์žฅ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋œ ๊ทนํ•œ(extreme)๊ฐ’์ด๋‹ค.

UTOV ๋ฐœ์ƒ

์‹œ์Šคํ…œ

UTOV, LV ์ตœ๋Œ€๊ฐ’

์ƒ๊ณผ ์ค‘์„ฑ์„  ์‚ฌ์ด

TT์™€ TN

$\sqrt{3}$$\times$Uo

์œ„์˜ ๊ฐ’์€ ์ €์•• ๊ณ„ํ†ต์—์„œ์˜ ์ค‘์„ฑ์„ ์ด ์—†์–ด์กŒ์„ ๋•Œ (๋Š์–ด์กŒ์„ ๋•Œ) ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฐ’์ด๋‹ค.

์ƒ๊ณผ ์ ‘์ง€ ์‚ฌ์ด

IT์‹œ์Šคํ…œ

$\sqrt{3}$$\times$Uo

์œ„์˜ ๊ฐ’์€ ์ €์•• ๊ณ„ํ†ต์—์„œ ์ƒ๋„์ฒด์˜ ์šฐ๋ฐœ์  ์ ‘์ง€์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

์ƒ๊ณผ ์ค‘์„ฑ์„  ์‚ฌ์ด

TT, IT์™€ TN

1.45$\times$Uo 5s๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์ง€์† ์‹œ๊ฐ„

์œ„์˜ ๊ฐ’์€ ์ƒ๋„์ฒด์™€ ์ค‘์„ฑ์„  ๋„์ฒด ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฝ(short circuit)๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

TT ์ ‘์ง€์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ๊ณ ์•• ๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ๊ณ ์žฅ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์‹œ ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ค‘์„ฑ์„  ์‚ฌ์ด์— 1200V์˜ ์ผ์‹œ์  ๊ณผ์ „์••(UTOV, HV)์ด 5์ดˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ Uo๋Š” ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ €์••๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ์ „์› ์ „์••์ธ 220V๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ SPD๋Š” ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ค‘์„ฑ์„  ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ZnO ๋ฐ”๋ฆฌ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ค‘์„ฑ์„ ๊ณผ ์ ‘์ง€ ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” TOV 1200V๋ฅผ ๊ฒฌ๋”œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์Šค๋ฐฉ์ „๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ SPD๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋•Œ ๊ฐ€์Šค๋ฐฉ์ „๊ด€์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ์†๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€์น˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ SPD ์ œ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๋น„์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘์„ฑ์„ ๊ณผ ์ ‘์ง€ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ZnO ๋ฐ”๋ฆฌ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” TOV 1200V๋ฅผ 5์ดˆ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฌ๋”œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ZnO ๋ฐ”๋ฆฌ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ์„œ์ง€๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ž”๋ฅ˜ ์ „์••์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋†’์•„์ ธ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ์ž„ํŽ„์Šค ๋‚ด์ „์••์„ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ํ†ต์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์˜ ์ €์••์ „์› ๊ณ„ํ†ต์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ •์ƒ ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ๋‹จ์ƒ SPD์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋„๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 4. ์ •์ƒ ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ๋‹จ์ƒ SPD ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋„

Fig. 4. Connection diagram of normal wiring single phase SPD

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2019.68.4.579/fig4.png

2.4 SPD์˜ค๊ฒฐ์„  ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์ƒํƒœํ‘œ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋งน์ 

์˜ฅ์™ธ์— ์„ค์น˜๋˜๋Š” CCTV ๋ฐ ํ†ต์‹ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ ์™ธํ•จ์—๋Š” ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ๋ถ€์Šค-๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ณณ์ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋ฉฐ ์˜ฅ์™ธํ•จ์˜ ์™ธ๋ถ€์‚ฌ์ง„์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5์—, ๋‚ด๋ถ€์‚ฌ์ง„์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7์— ์˜ˆ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ ‘์ง€์„ ์˜ ์ƒ‰์ƒ์€ ๋…น์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๊ต์  ์ž˜ ์ง€์ผœ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ถ€์Šค-๋ฐ”๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ž˜ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ค‘์„ฑ์„ ์€ ์ƒ‰์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€ ์ƒ‰์ƒ์€ ์ž˜ ์ง€์ผœ์ง„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐํƒญ์„ ๊ฒฝ์œ ํ•˜์—ฌ SPD์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 5. CCTV ์˜ฅ์™ธ์šฉ ์ „๊ธฐํ•จ์ฒด์˜ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ์ง„

Fig. 5. Photo of outdoor CCTV electrical enclosure

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2019.68.4.579/fig5.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 6. ์˜ฅ์™ธ์šฉ ์ „๊ธฐํ•จ์ฒด์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ์ง„(1)

Fig. 6. Inside picture of outdoor electrical enclosure(1)

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2019.68.4.579/fig6.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 7. ์˜ฅ์™ธ์šฉ ์ „๊ธฐํ•จ์ฒด์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ์ง„(2)

Fig. 7. Inside picture of outdoor electrical enclosure(2)

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2019.68.4.579/fig7.png

์ €์•• ๋ฐฐ์ „๊ณ„ํ†ต์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ์„ ์˜ ์ƒ‰์ƒ์€ IEC 60445์˜ ๊ตญ์ œํ‘œ์ค€ (์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๊ฐ„ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค(MMI), ํ‘œ์‹œ ์‹๋ณ„์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋ฐ ์•ˆ์ „๊ทœ์น™-์žฅ๋น„๋‹จ์ž, ๋„์ฒด๋‹จ์ž ๋ฐ ๋„์ฒด์˜ ์‹๋ณ„)์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ‘œ 2์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(8).

ํ‘œ 2. IEC 60445์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „๊ธฐ์„ ์˜ ์ƒ‰์ƒ

Table 2. Colors of electric wire according to IEC 60445

์ง€์ •๋„์ฒด/๋‹จ์ž

๋„์ฒด/๋‹จ์ž ์‹๋ณ„ ๊ธฐ์ค€

๋„์ฒด

๋‹จ์ž

์ƒ‰์ƒ

AC ๋„์ฒด

AC

AC

-

๋ผ์ธ 1

L1

U

ํ‘์ƒ‰ ../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2019.68.4.579/ti1.png

๋ผ์ธ 2

L2

V

๊ฐˆ์ƒ‰ ../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2019.68.4.579/ti2.png

๋ผ์ธ 3

L3

W

ํšŒ์ƒ‰ ../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2019.68.4.579/ti3.png

์ค‘๋ฆฝ๋„์ฒด

N

N

์ฒญ์ƒ‰ ../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2019.68.4.579/ti4.png

๋ณดํ˜ธ๋„์ฒด

PE

PE

๋…น์ƒ‰+๋…ธ๋ž‘ ../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2019.68.4.579/ti5.png

์ƒ๊ณผ ์ค‘์„ฑ์„ ์ด ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์„ค์น˜์ž๋Š” ์ ‘์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ค‘์„ฑ์„ ์˜ ์ „์••์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์—ญ๊ฒฐ์„ ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ญ๊ฒฐ์„ ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ์„œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์นจ์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ๋Š” SPD์˜ ํŒŒ์† ๋ฐ ์ง€๋ฝ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์—ญ๊ฒฐ์„  ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ๋„ ์ƒํƒœํ‘œ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ํšŒ๋กœ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ค‘์„ฑ์„  ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ •์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ญ๊ฒฐ์„  ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ค‘์„ฑ์„  ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ๊ฐ€์Šค๋ฐฉ์ „๊ด€์ด ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์„œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ€์Šค๋ฐฉ์ „๊ด€์€ ๋™์ž‘๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ์ •์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์„œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์นจ์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฐ€์Šค๋ฐฉ์ „๊ด€์€ ์Šค์œ„์นญ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์ž‘๋˜์–ด ์ƒ์˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์Šค๋ฐฉ์ „๊ด€์„ ๊ฒฝ์œ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ‘์ง€๋กœ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ์„œ ๋‹จ๋ฝ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ์ƒ์œ„์˜ ํšŒ๋กœ์ฐจ๋‹จ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋™์ž‘๋˜๋ฉด ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ด ์ค‘๋‹จ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฐฐ์„  ๋˜๋Š” SPD์˜ ํŒŒ์†์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ํšŒ๋กœ์ฐจ๋‹จ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€ ํšŒ๋กœ์ฐจ๋‹จ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ค‘์„ฑ์„ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋ฉด SPD๊ฐ€ ์ „์†Œํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™”์žฌ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ƒ SPD์˜ ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ค‘์„ฑ์„  ์—ญ๊ฒฐ์„ ๋„๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8์— ๋„์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 8. ์—ญ๊ฒฐ์„ ๋œ ๋‹จ์ƒ SPD์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋„

Fig. 8. Connection diagram of reversed wiring single phase SPD

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2019.68.4.579/fig8.png

3. ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์„ค๊ณ„

3.1 ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋ธ”๋ก๋„

์˜ค๊ฒฐ์„ ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋ธ”๋ก๋„๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. AC/DC Converter๋Š” ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์„œ์™€ ๊ฐ ๋ธ”๋ก์˜ DC ์ „์›์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์„œ๋Š” ์˜ค๊ฒฐ์„  ๊ฒ€์ถœ ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฐ์„ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜์—ฌ ์Œ์„ฑ IC์™€ ํ‘œ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 9. ์˜ค๊ฒฐ์„  ๋ฐฉ์ง€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋ธ”๋ก๋„

Fig. 9. System block diagram for preventing miswiring detection

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2019.68.4.579/fig9.png

3.2 ์˜ค๊ฒฐ์„  ๊ฒ€์ถœ ํšŒ๋กœ์„ค๊ณ„

์˜ค๊ฒฐ์„ ์„ ๊ฒ€์ถœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 10๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 10. ์˜ค๊ฒฐ์„  ๊ฒ€์ถœ ํšŒ๋กœ

Fig. 10. Proposed miswiring detection circuit

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2019.68.4.579/fig10.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 10๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์˜ค๊ฒฐ์„  ๊ฒ€์ถœํšŒ๋กœ๋Š” AC 1์ฐจ์ธก(ํ‘์ƒ‰)๊ณผ DC 2์ฐจ์ธก(์ฒญ์ƒ‰)์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ์ง€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์„œ๊ฐ€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— SPD์— ์ „์›์ด ์ธ๊ฐ€๋˜๋ฉด ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์„œ์˜ GPIO output (GPIO: General Purpose Input Output)์—์„œ 50ms ๋™์•ˆ high๋ฅผ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•˜์—ฌ Relay๋ฅผ ๋™์ž‘์‹œ์ผœ GPIO input์—์„œ ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ค‘์„ฑ์„ ์„ ๊ฒ€์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ ‘์ง€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ค‘์„ฑ์„ ๊ณผ ์ ‘์ง€์˜ ์„ ๊ฐ„ ์ „์••์„ ๊ฒ€์ถœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ด‘๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , SPD์˜ ์ƒ์œ„์— ๋ˆ„์ „์ฐจ๋‹จ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ Relay ๋™์ž‘ ์‹œ ์ƒ์—์„œ ์ ‘์ง€๋กœ ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ํŠธ๋ฆฝ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ 330kโ„ฆ์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ˆ„์„ค์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์ถœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ 50ms๋กœ 60Hz๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝ 3์ฃผ๊ธฐ์— ํ•ด๋‹น๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์˜ด์˜ ๊ณต์‹์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•˜๋ฉด 667ฮผA์ด๋‹ค.

๊ณผ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ˆ„์ „์ฐจ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ตญ์ œํ‘œ์ค€์€ IEC 61009-1(์ฃผํƒ์šฉ ๋ฐ ์ด์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์šฉ๋„์˜ ๊ณผ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ˆ„์ „์ฐจ๋‹จ๊ธฐ(RCBO)- ์ œ 1๋ถ€ : ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์š”๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•ญ)์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ์ตœ์†Œ ์ •๊ฒฉ๊ฐ๋„์ „๋ฅ˜์ธ 6mA๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ž‘์€ ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค(9). ๋˜ํ•œ ์ ‘์ง€์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ์ฃผ๋ณ€๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ์žก์Œ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์กฐํŒŒ ์ „์••์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ค‘์„ฑ์„ ๊ณผ ์ ‘์ง€๊ฐ„์˜ ์ „์••์€ ์ƒ์Šน๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ถœ์€ ์ •์ƒ์ „์••์ธ 220V์˜ ์•ฝ 80\%์ธ 180V์ด์ƒ์—์„œ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ์„ ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์˜ค๊ฒฐ์„  ๊ฒ€์ถœํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ๋™์ž‘ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ํ‘œ 3๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

ํ‘œ 3. ์˜ค๊ฒฐ์„  ๊ฒ€์ถœํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ๋™์ž‘ ํŠน์„ฑ

Table 3. Operating characteristics of miswiring detection circuit

์ƒ๊ณผ

์ ‘์ง€ ๊ฐ„

์ „์••(V)

์ค‘์„ฑ์„ ๊ณผ

์ ‘์ง€ ๊ฐ„

์ „์••(V)

GPIO

Input

(phase)

GPIO

Input

(neutral)

๊ฒฐ์„ 

์ƒํƒœ

220

0

Low

High

์ •์ƒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ

0

220

High

Low

์ƒ๊ณผ ์ค‘์„ฑ์„  ๋ฐ”๋€œ

์ ‘์ง€ ๋ฏธ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ

High

High

์ ‘์ง€ ๋ฏธ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ

3.3 ์˜ค๊ฒฐ์„  ๋ฐฉ์ง€ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜

์˜ค๊ฒฐ์„ ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ์ˆœ์„œ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 11์— ๋„์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 11. ์˜ค๊ฒฐ์„  ๋ฐฉ์ง€ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ์ˆœ์„œ๋„

Fig. 11. Software flowchart for preventing miswiring

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2019.68.4.579/fig11.png

์˜ค๊ฒฐ์„ ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ค‘์„ฑ์„ ๊ณผ ์ƒ์ด ์ •์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๋˜๋ฉด โ€œ์ •์ƒ ์„ค์น˜ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹คโ€๋ฅผ ์Œ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ค‘์„ฑ์„ ์€ ์ •์ƒ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์ƒ์ด ๊ฒ€์ถœ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์ ‘์ง€๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜์—ฌ โ€œ์ ‘์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•ด์ฃผ์„ธ์š”โ€๋ฅผ ์Œ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ค‘์„ฑ์„ ์ด ๋น„์ •์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ถœ(์ค‘์„ฑ์„ ๊ณผ ์ ‘์ง€ ๊ฐ„ ์ „์œ„์ฐจ ๋ฐœ์ƒ)๋˜๊ณ  ์ƒ์ด ๋น„์ •์ƒ(์ „์••์ด ๊ฒ€์ถœ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ƒํƒœ)์ด๋ฉด โ€œ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ค‘์„ฑ์„ ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•ด์ฃผ์„ธ์š”โ€๋ฅผ ์Œ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ์„  ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ Display์— ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ค์น˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์‹œ์ฒญ๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๋„๋ก ํŽธ์˜์„ฑ์— ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘์–ด ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜ค๊ฒฐ์„ ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ์ฝ”๋”ฉ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 12์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 12. ์˜ค๊ฒฐ์„  ๋ฐฉ์ง€ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜

Fig. 12. Software algorithm for preventing miswiring

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2019.68.4.579/fig12.png

4. ์‹ค ํ—˜

4.1 ์˜ค๊ฒฐ์„  ๊ฒ€์ถœ ํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ํŠน์„ฑ ์‹คํ—˜

์˜ค๊ฒฐ์„  ๊ฒ€์ถœ ํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ์ž…๋ ฅ์ „์•• ๋ฒ”์œ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ถœ๋ ฅํŠน์„ฑ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 13๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด AC 110V ์ž…๋ ฅ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ Relay GPIO out์ด โ€œHighโ€๋กœ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ K3010์˜ Collector์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „์••์€ 0.5V์ดํ•˜๋กœ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•„์„œ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์„œ๊ฐ€ ์ธ์‹ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๊ด‘๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๊ธฐ์˜ CTR(Current Transfer Rate) ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด‘๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๊ธฐ์˜ 1์ฐจ์ธก ์ €ํ•ญ๊ฐ’(330kohm์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ K3010์˜ Collector๋กœ ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„์น˜ ์•Š์•˜์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 14์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด AC 180V ์ž…๋ ฅ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ๋Š” Relay GPIO out์ด โ€œHighโ€๋กœ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ K3010์˜ Collector์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „์••์€ ๊ฒ€์ถœ ์ž„๊ณ„ ์ „์••์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 15์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด AC 220V ์ž…๋ ฅ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ๋Š” Relay GPIO out์ด โ€œHighโ€๋กœ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ K3010์˜ Collector์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „์••์ด ์ •์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 13. AC 110V ์ž…๋ ฅ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ์˜ค๊ฒฐ์„  ๊ฒ€์ถœ ํšŒ๋กœ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ํŠน์„ฑ

Fig. 13. Output characteristics of miswiring detection circuit in AC 110V

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2019.68.4.579/fig13.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 14. AC 180V ์ž…๋ ฅ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ์˜ค๊ฒฐ์„  ๊ฒ€์ถœ ํšŒ๋กœ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ํŠน์„ฑ

Fig. 14. Output characteristics of miswiring detection circuit in AC 180V

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2019.68.4.579/fig14.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 15. AC 220V ์ž…๋ ฅ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ์˜ค๊ฒฐ์„  ๊ฒ€์ถœ ํšŒ๋กœ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ํŠน์„ฑ

Fig. 15. Output characteristics of miswiring detection circuit in AC 220V

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2019.68.4.579/fig15.png

4.2 ๊ฒฐ์„ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‹คํ—˜

๊ฒฐ์„ ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์Œ์„ฑ์•ˆ๋‚ด ๋ฐ ํ‘œ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋™์ž‘์„ ์‹คํ—˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 16๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ ‘์ง€์„ ์—๋Š” ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ‘์ง€ ๋ฏธ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ ์‹คํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ค‘์„ฑ์„ ์˜ ์˜ค๊ฒฐ์„ ์€ ์ „์› ์ ‘์†์ฝ”๋“œ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์–ด ์‹œํ—˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ •์ƒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ์ƒํƒœ์™€ ์˜ค๊ฒฐ์„  ์ƒํƒœ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ ‘์ง€ ๋ฏธ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ํ‘œ 4์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ •์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 16. ์˜ค๊ฒฐ์„  ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ

Fig. 16. Miswiring test setup

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2019.68.4.579/fig16.png

ํ‘œ 4. ์˜ค๊ฒฐ์„  ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

Table 4. Result of miswiring connection test

๊ฒฐ์„  ์กฐ๊ฑด

์Œ์„ฑ์•ˆ๋‚ด

ํ‘œ์‹œ๊ธฐ

๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

์ •์ƒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ

์ •์ƒ ์„ค์น˜ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค

O

์ •์ƒ

์ƒ๊ณผ ์ค‘์„ฑ์„ 

๋ฐ”๋€œ

์ƒ๊ณผ ์ค‘์„ฑ์„ ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•ด ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”

Er. 2

์ •์ƒ

์ ‘์ง€ ๋ฏธ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ

์ ‘์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•ด ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”

Er. 1

์ •์ƒ

4.3 ์˜ค๊ฒฐ์„  ๊ฒ€์ถœ ํšŒ๋กœ ์„œ์ง€๋‚ด์„ฑ์‹คํ—˜

์˜ค๊ฒฐ์„ ์„ ๊ฒ€์ถœ ํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ์„œ์ง€ ๋‚ด์„ฑ์„ ์‹คํ—˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ Setup ์‚ฌ์ง„์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 17๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์‹คํ—˜์žฅ๋น„๋Š” ํ‘œ 5์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์„œ์ง€๋‚ด์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œํ—˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์€ ํ‘œ 6๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ค‘์„ฑ์„  ๊ฐ„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ค‘์„ฑ์„ ๊ณผ ์ ‘์ง€ ๊ฐ„์— 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 kV๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ •๊ทน์„ฑ 10ํšŒ ๋ถ€๊ทน์„ฑ 10ํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ํ‘œ 6๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์„œ์ง€๋‚ด์„ฑ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ‘œ 5. ์„œ์ง€ ๋‚ด์„ฑ ์‹คํ—˜ ์žฅ๋น„

Table 5. Experimental equipments of surge immunity

์‹คํ—˜ ์žฅ๋น„

๋ชจ๋ธ๋ช…

์ •๊ฒฉ

์กฐํ•ฉํŒŒ

์„œ์ง€๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ธฐ

LSS-15AX

15kV/7.5kA

๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์ „์••

2-10kV, 1.2/50ใŽฒ

๋‹จ๋ฝ์ „๋ฅ˜

1-5kA, 8/20ใŽฒ

์˜ค์‹ค๋กœ์Šค์ฝ”ํ”„

DLM2054

500MHz, 2.5GS/s

ํ”„๋กœ๋ธŒ

SI-9010

ยฑ7kV

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 17. ์„œ์ง€ ๋‚ด์„ฑ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ

Fig. 17. Experimental test setup of surge immunity

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2019.68.4.579/fig17.png

ํ‘œ 6. ์„œ์ง€ ๋‚ด์„ฑ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

Table 6. Results of the surge immunity test

์„œ์ง€์ธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์†Œ

์„œ์ง€์ธ๊ฐ€ ์ „์••

์ธ๊ฐ€ํšŒ์ˆ˜

์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

์ƒ-์ค‘์„ฑ์„ 

ยฑ2kV

๊ฐ 10ํšŒ

์ •์ƒ

์ค‘์„ฑ์„ -์ ‘์ง€

์ƒ-์ค‘์„ฑ์„ 

ยฑ4kV

10ํšŒ

์ •์ƒ

์ค‘์„ฑ์„ -์ ‘์ง€

์ƒ-์ค‘์„ฑ์„ 

ยฑ6kV

10ํšŒ

์ •์ƒ

์ค‘์„ฑ์„ -์ ‘์ง€

์ƒ-์ค‘์„ฑ์„ 

ยฑ8kV

10ํšŒ

์ •์ƒ

์ค‘์„ฑ์„ -์ ‘์ง€

์ƒ-์ค‘์„ฑ์„ 

ยฑ10kV

10ํšŒ

์ •์ƒ

์ค‘์„ฑ์„ -์ ‘์ง€

5. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 

์ €์•• ์ „์›๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ์˜ค๊ฒฐ์„ ์€ ์ „๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ํฐ ์›์ธ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ตญ๋‚ด์— ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋“ค์€ ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ค‘์„ฑ์„ ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ ์—†์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ CT2 ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉํ˜• ๋‹จ์ƒ SPD์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ค‘์„ฑ์„  ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ ‘์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์˜ฅ์™ธ์— ์„ค์น˜๋˜๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ์™ธํ•จ์—์„œ ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ค‘์„ฑ์„ ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์ด ์–ด๋ ค์šฐ๋ฉฐ, ์„ค์น˜์ž์˜ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋กœ ์˜ค๊ฒฐ์„  ๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ SPD์˜ ์ƒํƒœํ‘œ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ •์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋งน์ ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์นจ์ž…ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ง€๋ฝ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ SPD์˜ ํŒŒ์† ๋ฐ ์ „์›๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์ค‘๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์„œ๋ฅผ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•œ ์˜ค๊ฒฐ์„  ๊ฒ€์ถœํšŒ๋กœ์™€ ์˜ค์‹œ๊ณต ๋ฐฉ์ง€ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์œผ๋กœ ์˜ค๊ฒฐ์„ ์ด ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์„œ์ง€๋‚ด์„ฑ์ด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹คํ—˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์–ด ์˜ค๊ฒฐ์„  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜์—ฌ SPD์˜ ์„ค์น˜์•ˆ์ „์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๋ฐ ์œ ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ค‘์„ฑ์„ ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ „๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ „๊ธฐํ•จ์ฒด ๋“ฑ์— ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์„ ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋‚ด์šฉ๋“ค๋กœ ์„ค์น˜์•ˆ์ „์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

References

1 
B. H. Lee, Sep. 11, 2005., Surge protection measures according to the classification of lightning surge entering buildings, Journal of The Electrical WorldGoogle Search
2 
B. H. Lee, S. C. Lee, 2003, The pending issues on the characteristics of lightning and lightning protection, Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 3-15Google Search
3 
B. H. Lee, 2007, Protection effects according to the conditions of installations of SPDs for information- oriented equipments, Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 35-41DOI
4 
IEC 61643-11, 2012, Low-voltage surge protective devices๏ผ part 11 : surge protective devices connected to low- voltage power distribution systems๏ผRequirements and test methodsGoogle Search
5 
์ด๋ฆ„ IEC 61643-12, 2007, Low-voltage surge protective devices๏ผ part 12 : surge protective devices connected to low- voltage power distribution systems๏ผSelection and application principlesGoogle Search
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K. S. Lee, J. H. Choi, B. H. Lee, 2010, Evaluation of the Protection Performance of TT and TN Systems for Low-Voltage Consumers Against Lightning Surges, Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers, Vol. 24, No. 6, pp. 67-74Google Search
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IEC 60364-4-44, 2007, Low-voltage electrical installations - Part 4-44: Protection for safety - Protection against voltage disturbances and electromagnetic disturbancesGoogle Search
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IEC 60445, 2006, Basic and safety principles for man- machine interface, marking and identification โ€“Identification of equipment terminals and conductor terminationsGoogle Search
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IEC 61009-1, 2010, Residual current operated circuit- breakers with integral overcurrent protection for household and similar uses (RCBOs) - Part 1: General rulesGoogle Search

์ €์ž์†Œ๊ฐœ

์ด์˜์ค€ (Young-Jun Lee)
../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2019.68.4.579/au1.png

He received M.S. degree in electrical engineering from Inha university in 2017.

He is now a Ph. D. candidate in electrical engineering at Inha university.

His research interests include lightning protection system, sensors and embedded systems.

์ด์˜์‚ผ (Young Sam Lee)
../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2019.68.4.579/au2.png

He received B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical engineering from Inha University, Incheon, South Korea, in 1999, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from Seoul National University, South Korea, in 2003.

From 2003 to 2004, he was a Senior Researcher with Samsung Electronics Co. Since 2004, he has been with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Inha University.

He is the author of four books and more than 50 articles.

His research interests include computer-aided control system designs, rapid control prototyping, control and instrumentation, robot engineering, and embedded systems.