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  1. (School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Korea.)



Three-phase active AC/DC converter, Model predictive control methods, DC-link capacitor conditions

1. ์„œ ๋ก 

3์ƒ ๊ต๋ฅ˜-์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ชจํ„ฐ ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ์‘์šฉ ๋ฐ ๊ธ‰์† ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ์‘์šฉ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ „์› ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(1,2). ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์†Œ์ž๋กœ์จ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฆฌ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” 3์ƒ ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณ ์กฐํŒŒ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜์— ํฐ ์ „๊ณ ์กฐํŒŒ์™œ๊ณก (Total Harmonic Distortion: THD)์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์ด๋Š” ๋‚ฎ์€ ์—ญ๋ฅ ๊ณผ ๋‚ฎ์€ ํ’ˆ์งˆ์˜ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค(1,3). ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๊ณ ์กฐํŒŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์ „๊ธฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ž‘๋™์— ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ , ํฐ ๋ฌดํšจ ์ „๋ ฅ ์—ญ์‹œ ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์ƒ์˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผœ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ์†์‹ค์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์—ญ๋ฅ ๊ณผ ๋†’์€ THD๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์€, ์ ˆ์—ฐํ˜• ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ ๋ฐ”์ดํด๋ผ ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor: IGBT)๋ฅผ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์†Œ์ž๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” 3์ƒ ๊ต๋ฅ˜-์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ (active AC-DC converter)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค(4,5). ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ „์••์„ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์–ดํ•จ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋น ๋ฅธ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” IGBT ์Šค์œ„์นญ ๋™์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚ฎ์€ THD ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์—, ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „์••๊ณผ ๋™์ƒ์ธ ์ •ํ˜„ํŒŒ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 3์ƒ ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๋ก€-์ ๋ถ„ํ˜• ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ์™€ ํŽ„์Šคํญ๋ณ€์กฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์„ ํ˜• ์ œ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์–ด๋œ๋‹ค. ์„ ํ˜• ์ œ์–ด ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” 3์ƒ ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์ œ์–ด ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 3์ƒ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ด ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „์••์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „์•• ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ (Voltage Oriental Control: VOC) ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•(4)๊ณผ ์œ ํšจ ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ๋ฌดํšจ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์ œ์–ด ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ง์ ‘ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด (Direct Power Control: DPC) ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค(6-9). ์„ ํ˜• ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ์™€ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ธ ์˜ˆ์ธก ์ œ์–ด (Model Predictive Control: MPC) ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ 3์ƒ ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ ๋™์ž‘ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋“ค์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค(10-13). ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ํŽ„์Šคํญ ๋ณ€์กฐ๊ธฐ ์—†์ด ์ด์‚ฐ์ ์ธ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ๋™์ž‘์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ง๊ด€์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ๋… ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ณ€ํ™˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋™์ž‘์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ 3์ƒ ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋™์ž‘์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์„ ํ˜• ์ œ์–ด ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ VOC ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฐ DPC ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋“ค์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค(11). ์ด์–ด์„œ, ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ํฐ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ๋™์ž‘์„ ๋ฉˆ์ถค์œผ๋กœ์จ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์†์‹ค์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜๋“ค์ด 3์ƒ ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋™์ž‘์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค(14-17). 3์ƒ ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ œ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋‹ค์†Œ ์ƒ์ดํ•œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณด์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ์–ด ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด, 3์ƒ ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ง๋ฅ˜๋‹จ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” DC-Link ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์—ญ์‹œ ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ณ€ํ™˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ๋น„์šฉ, ํฌ๊ธฐ, ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋ฐ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์— ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค(18,19). ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ 3์ƒ ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์ง๋ฅ˜๋‹จ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋กœ ๋งŽ์ด ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ „ํ•ด ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ด์Šค์™€ ๋“ฑ๊ฐ€ ์ง๋ ฌ ์ €ํ•ญ (Equivalent Series Resistor: ESR)์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ๋™์ž‘ ๋ฐ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์€ ์ง๋ฅ˜๋‹จ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์˜ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” 3์ƒ ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋™์ž‘์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ 6๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋“ค์„ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ž…์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. VOC ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹ ๋ฐ DPC ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ๊ฐ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜• ์ œ์–ด ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ˜• ์ œ์–ด ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ˆ˜์ •ํ˜• ์ œ์–ด ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ ์„ ํƒ ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ์˜คํ”„์…‹ ์ „์•• ์ฃผ์ž… ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ 6๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋™์ž‘๋œ 3์ƒ ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์ž…๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ธก ์ „๊ธฐ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํŠนํžˆ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ง๋ฅ˜๋‹จ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ ESR ๋ณ€๋™์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ESR ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ์˜ํ•ด 3์ƒ ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋” ํฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜• ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ˜• ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ VOC ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋ณด๋‹ค DPC ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ESR ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ด์Šค ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ์†Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜ THD ์ธก๋ฉด๊ณผ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „์•• ๋งฅ๋™ ์ธก๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ๋” ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณด์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์†์‹ค ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ๋„ DPC ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ์ œ์–ด ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋“ค์ด VOC ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ์ œ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋†’์€ ํšจ์œจ์„ ๋ณด์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

2. ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ 3์ƒ AC/DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์šฉ ์ œ์–ด๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1์€ ์ž…๋ ฅ ๊ต๋ฅ˜ ์ „์••์„ ์ œ์–ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ „์••์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ •ํ˜„ํŒŒ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ (Active Front End rectifier (AFE ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ))๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค(10). ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1์—์„œ in๊ณผ in์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „์••๊ณผ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋œปํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  6๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” IGBT์ด๋‹ค. C์™€ ESR์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ DC link ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์˜ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ด์Šค์™€ ESR์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. R๋Š” ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์ด๋‹ค. ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ ํšŒ๋กœ๋Š” ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ณ ์กฐํŒŒ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋‹จ์œ„ ์—ญ๋ฅ ๋กœ ๋™์ž‘์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ „์›์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ํšŒ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์žฅ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ AFE ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ VOC ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ DPC ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. AFE ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ๋Š” 6๊ฐœ์˜ IGBT ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์†Œ์ž๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋ฉฐ, 3์ƒ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „์••์€ ์ž…๋ ฅ ํ•„ํ„ฐ ์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ ์„ฑ๋ถ„ ๊ณผ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ €ํ•ญ ์„ฑ๋ถ„ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ ์ž…๋ ฅ์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ๋‹ค. 3์ƒ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „์••๊ณผ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ $\alpha -\beta $์ขŒํ‘œ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹์ด ๋œ๋‹ค.

(1)
$v_{in}=\dfrac{2}{3}(v_{ina}+v_{inb}e^{j\dfrac{2\pi}{3}}+v_{inc}e^{j\dfrac{4\pi}{3}})$.

(2)
$i_{in}=\dfrac{2}{3}(i_{ina}+i_{inb}e^{j\dfrac{2\pi}{3}}+i_{inc}e^{j\dfrac{4\pi}{3}})$.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 1. 3์ƒ ๊ต๋ฅ˜-์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ํ† ํด๋กœ์ง€

Fig. 1. three-phase active AC-DC converter topology

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.4.626/fig1.png

AFE ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฐ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์†Œ์ž์˜ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ƒํƒœ๋Š” ์˜จ ์ƒํƒœ ๋ฐ ์˜คํ”„ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ ์ƒ์—์„œ ์ƒ๋‹จ ์Šค์œ„์น˜์™€ ํ•˜๋‹จ ์Šค์œ„์น˜์˜ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ƒํƒœ๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ์ƒ๋ณด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ AFE๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋ฉด ์•„๋ž˜ ์‹(3)์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹์ด ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค.

(3)
$S_{AFE}=\dfrac{2}{3}(S_{1}+S_{2}e^{j\dfrac{2\pi}{3}}+S_{3}e^{j\dfrac{4\pi}{3}})$.

์Šค์œ„์นญ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ ์‹์—์„œ AFE ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์˜จ ์ƒํƒœ์˜ 1, 2, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  3๋Š” 1๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋˜๊ณ , ์˜คํ”„ ์ƒํƒœ๋Š” 0์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 4, 5, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  6๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ 1, 2, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  3์™€ ์ƒ๋ณด์ ์ธ ๋™์ž‘์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. AFE ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์ „์•• ๋ฒกํ„ฐ AFE๋Š” DC-Link ์ „์•• DClink๊ณผ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๋กœ ๋‹ค์Œ ์‹(4)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(4)
$v_{AFE}=\dfrac{2}{3}(S_{1}+S_{2}e^{j\dfrac{2\pi}{3}}+S_{3}e^{j\dfrac{4\pi}{3}})V_{DClink}$.

์œ„์˜ ์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•ด AFE ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ „์•• ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” 8๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ ์ƒํƒœ์— ์˜ํ•ด 8๊ฐœ์˜ ์ „์•• ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์ค‘ 6๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์œ ํšจ ์ „์•• ๋ฒกํ„ฐ์ด๊ณ  2๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์˜๋ฒกํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. 2๊ฐœ์˜ ์˜๋ฒกํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, AFE ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ด 7๊ฐœ์˜ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ „์•• ๋ฒกํ„ฐ ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. 3์ƒ AFE ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ๋™์ž‘ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ $\alpha -\beta $์ขŒํ‘œ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ ์‹(5)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹์ด ๋œ๋‹ค.

(5)
$L\dfrac{d i_{in}}{dt}= v_{in}- v_{AFE}-R i_{in}$.

์—ฐ์†์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ํ‘œํ˜„๋œ ์‹(5)์„ ์ด์‚ฐ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์Œ ์‹(6)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค.

(6)
$L\dfrac{i_{in}(k+1)- i_{in}(k)}{T_{sf}}= v_{in}- v_{AFE}-R i_{in}$.

์‹ (6)์—์„œ sf๋Š” ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๋งค k๋ฒˆ์งธ ์Šคํ…์—์„œ ์–ป์–ด์ง„ ์ž…๋ ฅ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ, ์ž…๋ ฅ์ „์•• ๋ฒกํ„ฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์Œ ์Šคํ…์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ 7๊ฐœ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ k+1๋ฒˆ์งธ ์Šคํ…์˜ ์ž…๋ ฅ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ (7)์€ ์‹ (6)์„ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ k+1๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•œ ์‹์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค.

(7)
$i_{in}(k+1)=$$\left(1-\dfrac{RT_{sf}}{L}\right)i_{in}(k) $ $+\dfrac{T_{sf}}{L}(v_{in}(k)- v_{AFE}(k)).$

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2๋Š” 3์ƒ ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ ์ œ์–ด์šฉ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜๋“ค์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 2. 3์ƒ ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ ์ œ์–ด์šฉ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜๋“ค์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜

Fig. 2. Classification of model predictive control for three-phase active AC-DC converter topology

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.4.626/fig2.png

2.1 VOC ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜• ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋“ค

VOC ์ œ์–ด๋ฒ•์€ AFE ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ด ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋™์ž‘์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋‹จ์œ„ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ •ํ˜„ํŒŒ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ „์••์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3์€ VOC ์ œ์–ด๋ฒ•์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๋ฒ•์˜ ๋ธ”๋ก ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค(11). ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ „์•• ๊ธฐ์ค€๊ฐ’๊ณผ ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „์••์„ ๋น„๋ก€ ์ ๋ถ„ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ (Proportional and Integral: PI)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „์••๊ณผ ๋™์ƒ์ธ ์ •ํ˜„ํŒŒ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋งค k๋ฒˆ์งธ ์Šคํ…์—์„œ ์–ป์–ด์ง„ ์ž…๋ ฅ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ์™€ ์ž…๋ ฅ์ „์•• ๋ฒกํ„ฐ์™€ ๋‹ค์Œ ์Šคํ…์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ 7๊ฐœ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋œ (k + 1) ์Šคํ…์˜ ์ž…๋ ฅ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ ์ค‘ ๊ธฐ์ค€์น˜์™€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž‘์€ ์˜ค์ฐจ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์Šค์œ„์นญ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์˜ค์ฐจ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋น„์šฉํ•จ์ˆ˜ $g$๋ฅผ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์–ดํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜์™€ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ (k+1)๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ฐ’๋“ค์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ์ ์˜ AFE ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•  ๋•Œ VOC(conv)๋กœ ๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹ (8)์€ VOC(conv)์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์šฉํ•จ์ˆ˜ $g$๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์‹ (8)์—์„œ ์œ„ ์ฒจ์ž *์€ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๊ฐ’์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ณ  ์•„๋ž˜ ์ฒจ์ž $\alpha$์™€ $\beta$๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ $\alpha$์ถ•๊ณผ $\beta$์ถ•์˜ ๊ฐ’์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค.

(8)
$g_{VOCconv}=$$\left | i_{\alpha}^{*}(k+1)-i_{in\alpha}(k+1)\right | $ $+\left | i_{\beta}^{*}(k+1)-i_{in\beta}(k+1)\right | .$

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 3. VOC ๊ณ„์—ด ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ : VOC(conv)

Fig. 3. VOC-based basic model predictive control : VOC(conv)

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VOC ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์—์„œ AFE ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์†์‹ค์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์— ์Šค์œ„์นญ ๋™์ž‘์„ ์ค‘์ง€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค(14). ์ดํ›„์— ์ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•  ๋•Œ VOC (mod1)๋กœ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ๋™์ž‘์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 7 ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์ „์•• ๋ฒกํ„ฐ ์ค‘ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ํด๋žจํ•‘ ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” 4 ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์ „์•• ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ 4 ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์ „์•• ๋ฒกํ„ฐ ์ค‘ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์ „์•• ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ตœ์ ์˜ ์ „์•• ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„ ํƒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ 7๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์ „์•• ๋ฒกํ„ฐ ์ค‘ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ํด๋žจํ•‘ ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” 4 ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์ „์•• ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด AFE๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์Œ ์‹(9)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ๋‹ค.

(9)
$\begin{aligned} v_{A F E}(k+1)=& v_{i n}(k+1)+\frac{L}{T_{o f}}\left(\left(1-\frac{R T_{o f}}{L}\right) i_{i n}(k+1)\right.\\ & \left.-\dot{i}_{i n}^{*}(k+2)\right) \end{aligned}$

ํ‘œ 1. ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์†์‹ค ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ AFE์™€ in์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ ์„ ์ •๋ฒ•

Table 1. Preselection method according to vAFE and iin for reduction of switching loss

Condition

Non commutating leg

Preselected Vectors

$v_{pres}(k+1)$

AFE Rectifier ์ „์••

์ž…๋ ฅ์ „๋ฅ˜

์ตœ๋Œ€V(k+1)

์ตœ์†ŒV(k+1)

$v_{AFEa}(k+1)$

$v_{AFEb}(k+1)$

\begin{align*} \left | i_{ina}(k+1)\right |\\ >\left | i_{inb}(k+1)\right | \end{align*}

a

$V_{1}$, $V_{2}$, $V_{6}$, $V_{7}$

\begin{align*} \left | i_{ina}(k+1)\right |\\ <\left | i_{inb}(k+1)\right | \end{align*}

b

$V_{0}$, $V_{1}$, $V_{5}$, $V_{6}$

$v_{AFEc}(k+1)$

\begin{align*} \left | i_{ina}(k+1)\right |\\ >\left | i_{inc}(k+1)\right | \end{align*}

a

$V_{1}$, $V_{2}$, $V_{6}$, $V_{7}$

\begin{align*} \left | i_{ina}(k+1)\right |\\ <\left | i_{inc}(k+1)\right | \end{align*}

c

$V_{0}$, $V_{1}$, $V_{2}$, $V_{3}$

$v_{AFEb}(k+1)$

$v_{AFEa}(k+1)$

\begin{align*} \left | i_{inb}(k+1)\right |\\ >\left | i_{ina}(k+1)\right | \end{align*}

b

$V_{2}$, $V_{3}$, $V_{4}$, $V_{7}$

\begin{align*} \left | i_{inb}(k+1)\right |\\ <\left | i_{ina}(k+1)\right | \end{align*}

a

$V_{0}$, $V_{3}$, $V_{4}$, $V_{5}$

$v_{AFEc}(k+1)$

\begin{align*} \left | i_{inb}(k+1)\right |\\ >\left | i_{inc}(k+1)\right | \end{align*}

b

$V_{0}$, $V_{1}$, $V_{5}$, $V_{6}$

\begin{align*} \left | i_{inb}(k+1)\right |\\ <\left | i_{inc}(k+1)\right | \end{align*}

c

$V_{0}$, $V_{1}$, $V_{2}$, $V_{3}$

$v_{AFEc}(k+1)$

$v_{AFEa}(k+1)$

\begin{align*} \left | i_{inc}(k+1)\right |\\ >\left | i_{ina}(k+1)\right | \end{align*}

c

$V_{4}$, $V_{5}$, $V_{6}$, $V_{7}$

\begin{align*} \left | i_{inc}(k+1)\right |\\ <\left | i_{ina}(k+1)\right | \end{align*}

a

$V_{0}$, $V_{3}$, $V_{4}$, $V_{5}$

$v_{AFEb}(k+1)$

\begin{align*} \left | i_{inc}(k+1)\right |\\ >\left | i_{inb}(k+1)\right | \end{align*}

c

$V_{0}$, $V_{1}$, $V_{2}$, $V_{3}$

\begin{align*} \left | i_{inc}(k+1)\right |\\ <\left | i_{inb}(k+1)\right | \end{align*}

b

$V_{0}$, $V_{1}$, $V_{5}$, $V_{6}$

์‹ (9)์—์„œ $i_{in}(k+1)$์€ ์‹ (7)์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ  $i_{in}^{*}(k+2)$๋Š” $i_{in}^{*}(k+1)$๋ฅผ ์ง€์—ฐ ๋ณด์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. k+1๋ฒˆ์งธ AFE์™€ in๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ ํ‘œ 1๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด 4๊ฐœ์˜ ์ „์•• ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ๋™์ž‘์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ›„๋ณด๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์„ ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ‘œ 1์—์„œ $v_{AFEx}(k+1)$ (x = a, b, and c)๋Š” ๊ฐ ์ƒ์—์„œ์˜ k+1๋ฒˆ์งธ์˜ AFE ๊ฐ’์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ $i_{inx}(k+1)$ (x = a, b, and c)๋„ ๊ฐ ์ƒ์—์„œ์˜ k+1๋ฒˆ์งธ์˜ in ๊ฐ’์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ $v_{pres}(k+1)$๋Š” ํด๋žจํ•‘์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์„ ์ •๋œ 4๊ฐœ์˜ ์ „์•• ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. $V_{y}$ (y =0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7)์€ ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ „์•• ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4์— ์ „์•• ๋ฒกํ„ฐ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด ํ‘œํ˜„๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 4. ์ „์•• ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๋„

Fig. 4. Voltage vector diagram

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ํ‘œ 1์„ ํ†ตํ•ด 4๊ฐœ์˜ ์ „์•• ๋ฒกํ„ฐ ํ›„๋ณด๊ตฐ์ด ์ •ํ•ด์ง€๋ฉด ์‹ (10)์˜ ๋น„์šฉ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5๋Š” VOC(mod1)์˜ ๋ธ”๋ก๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค.

(10)
$\begin{aligned} g_{\text {VOOmod1 }}=&\left|v_{A F E_{A F B}}(k+1)-v_{\text {presa }}(k+1)\right| \\ &+\left|v_{A F b}(k+1)-v_{\text {bresb }}(k+1)\right| \\ &+\left|v_{A F E c}(k+1)-v_{\text {bresc }}(k+1)\right| . \end{aligned}$

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 5. VOC ๊ณ„์—ด ์ˆ˜์ •ํ˜• (๋ฒกํ„ฐ ์„ ํƒํ˜•) ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜: VOC(mod1)

Fig. 5. VOC-based modified model predictive control (vector selection): VOC(mod1)

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.4.626/fig5.png

๋˜ํ•œ, AFE ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์ƒ ์ „์••์— Offset ์ „์••์„ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ํด๋žจํ•‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋„ ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค(15). ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ VOC(mod2)๋กœ ๋ช…๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. VOC(mod2)๋Š” AFE ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ์˜ k+1 ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์˜ˆ์ธก ์ƒ ์ „์••์— ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์†์‹ค์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ต์…‹ ์ „์•• $v_{offset}(k+1)$์„ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด AFE ์ „์•• $v_{AFE}^{m}(k+1)$์„ ์–ป๋Š”๋‹ค. $v_{offset}(k+1)$์˜ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋ฒ•์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ์‹(11)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

(11)
${if}\left | i_{"\max "}^{*}(k+1)\right | >\left | i_{"\min "}^{*}(k+1)\right |$ $v_{offset}(k+1)=\dfrac{V_{dc}}{2}-v_{"\max "AFE}(k+1)$ ${if}\left | i_{"\max "}^{*}(k+1)\right | <\left | i_{"\min "}^{*}(k+1)\right |$ $v_{offset}(k+1)=\dfrac{V_{dc}}{2}-v_{"\min "AFE}(k+1).$

์‹ (11)์—์„œ $i_{"\max "}^{*}(k+1)$์€ 3์ƒ $i_{in}^{*}(k+1)$์˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  $i_{"\min "}^{*}(k+1)$์€ 3์ƒ $i_{in}^{*}(k+1)$์˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž‘์€ ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, $v_{"\max "AFE}(k+1)$๊ณผ $v_{"\min "AFE}(k+1)$๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ 3์ƒ $v_{AFE}(k+1)$ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๊ฐ’๊ณผ ์ž‘์€ ๊ฐ’์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. $v_{AFE}(k+1)$๋Š” ์‹ (9)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌํ•œ ์˜ต์…‹ ์ „์••์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ ์‹(12)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด AFE ์ „์••์„ ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค.

(12)
$v_{AFE}^{m}(k+1)= v_{AFE}(k+1)-v_{offset}(k+1).$

์‹ (12)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด AFE ์ „์••์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋ฉด ์‹ (13)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋น„์šฉ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ด ๋น„์šฉ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6์€ VOC(mod2)์˜ ๋ธ”๋ก๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค.

(13)
$\begin{aligned} g_{\text {VOCmod2 }}=&\left|v_{A F E_{a}}^{m}(k+1)-v_{A F E_{n}}(k+1)\right| \\ &+\left|v_{A F E b}^{m}(k+1)-v_{A F E b}(k+1)\right| \\ &+\left|v_{A F E c}^{m}(k+1)-v_{A F E c}(k+1)\right| \end{aligned}$

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 6. VOC ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ˜• (์˜คํ”„์…‹ ์ „์•• ์ฃผ์ž…ํ˜•) ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜: VOC(mod2)

Fig. 6. VOC-based modified model predictive control (offset voltage injection): VOC(mod2)

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.4.626/fig6.png

2.2 DPC ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜• ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋“ค

DPC ์ œ์–ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ k+1๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „์•• ๋ฒกํ„ฐ์™€ AFE ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์ „์•• ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” k+1๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ (k+1)๋ฒˆ์งธ์˜ ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค(11). ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” DPC(conv)๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ ์‹(14)์€ k+1๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „์•• ๋ฒกํ„ฐ์™€ k+1๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ k+1๋ฒˆ์งธ ์œ ํšจ ์ „๋ ฅ $P_{in}(k+1)$๊ณผ ๋ฌดํšจ ์ „๋ ฅ $Q_{in}(k+1)$์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค.

(14)
$\begin{aligned} P_{\text {in }}(k+1)=& 1.5\left(v_{\text {ina }}(k+1) \dot{i}_{\text {ina }}(k+1)\right.\\ & \left.+v_{\text {in } \beta}(k+1) i_{\text {in } \beta}(k+1)\right), \\ Q_{\text {in }}(k+1)=& 1.5\left(v_{\text {in } \beta}(k+1) i_{\text {in } a}(k+1)\right.\\ & \left.-v_{\text {in } a}(k+1) i_{\text {in } \beta}(k+1)\right) . \end{aligned}$

์‹ (14)์—์„œ $v_{in}(k+1)$ ๊ฐ’์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ์‹(15)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค(11). ์‹ (15)์—์„œ $w$๋Š” ๊ฐ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค.

(15)
$v_{in}(k+1)= v_{in}(k)e^{jw T_{sf}}.$

์‹ (14)์™€ ์‹ (15)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด DPC์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋น„์šฉํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์Œ ์‹(16)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(16)
$\begin{aligned} g_{D P C c o n v}=&\left|P^{*}(k+1)-P_{i n}(k+1)\right| \\ &+\left|Q^{*}(k+1)-Q_{i n}(k+1)\right| . \end{aligned}$

์‹ (16)์—์„œ $P^{*}(k+1)$์€ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์œ ํšจ ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „์•• ๊ฐ’์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” PI ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๋ฉฐ $Q^{*}(k+1)$์€ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๋ฌดํšจ ์ „๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹จ์œ„ ์—ญ๋ฅ ๋กœ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ 0์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7์€ DPC(conv)์˜ ๋ธ”๋ก ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 7. DPC ๊ณ„์—ด ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜: DPC(conv)

Fig. 7. DPC-based basic model predictive control: DPC(conv)

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.4.626/fig7.png

DPC ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์—์„œ๋„ VOC ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์†์‹ค์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ํด๋žจํ•‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ์–ด ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค(16,17). ์ด ์ค‘ ์ „์•• ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์†์‹ค์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ธ”๋ก ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8์— ํ‘œํ˜„๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค(16). ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ DPC(mod1)์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 8. DPC ๊ณ„์—ด ์ˆ˜์ •ํ˜• (๋ฒกํ„ฐ ์„ ํƒํ˜•) ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜: DPC(mod1)

Fig. 8. DPC-based modified model predictive control (vector selection): DPC(mod1)

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.4.626/fig8.png

VOC(mod1)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ „์•• ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹ (9)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹ (9)์˜ $i_{in}^{*}(k+1)$๋Š” ์‹ (17)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(17)
$i_{\alpha}^{*}(k+2)=(\dfrac{v_{in\alpha}(k+2)}{v_{in}^{2}})(P^{*}(k+2)+Q^{*}(k+2)\dfrac{v_{in\alpha}(k+2)}{v_{in\beta}(k+2)})$, $i_{\beta}^{*}(k+2)=(\dfrac{v_{in\beta}(k+2)}{v_{in}^{2}})(P^{*}(k+2)-Q^{*}(k+2)\dfrac{v_{in\alpha}(k+2)}{v_{in\beta}(k+2)})$.

์‹ (9), (17), ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ‘œ 1์„ ํ†ตํ•ด 4๊ฐœ์˜ ์ „์•• ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์—ฌ DPC(mod1)์˜ ๋น„์šฉ ํ•จ์ˆ˜์— ์ ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. DPC(mod1)์˜ ๋น„์šฉ ํ•จ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋น„์šฉ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์‹ (18)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์‹ (18)์€ (16)๊ณผ ๋ชจ์–‘์€ ๋™์ผํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ $P_{in}(k+1)$๊ณผ $Q_{in}(k+1)$์˜ ํ›„๋ณด๊ตฐ์ด 7๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ 4 ๊ฐœ๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค.

(18)
$\begin{aligned} g_{D P C m o d 1}=&\left|P^{*}(k+1)-P_{\text {in }}(k+1)\right| \\ &+\left|Q^{*}(k+1)-Q_{i n}(k+1)\right| \end{aligned}$

DPC ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด์—์„œ๋„ VOC ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์˜ต์…‹ ์ „์••์„ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์Šค์œ„์น˜ ๋™์ž‘์„ ํด๋žจํ•‘์‹œ์ผœ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์†์‹ค์„ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค(17). ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ DPC(mod2)๋ผ ๋ช…๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹ (11)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜ต์…‹ ์ „์••์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์‹ (9)์„ ํ†ตํ•ด a, b, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  c ์ƒ์˜ $v_{AFE}(k+1)$์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ $i_{a}^{*}(k+2)$, $i_{b}^{*}(k+2)$, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  $i_{c}^{*}(k+2)$๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์Œ ์‹(19)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ๋‹ค.

(19)
$i_{a}^{*}(k+2)=\dfrac{v_{ina}(k+2)P_{in}^{*}\sqrt{3}+(v_{inb}(k+2)+2v_{ina}(k+2))Q_{in}^{*}}{2\sqrt{3}(v_{ina}(k+2)^{2}+v_{ina}(k+2)v_{inb}(k+2)+v_{inb}(k+2)^{2})}$, $i_{b}^{*}(k+2)=\dfrac{v_{inb}(k+2)P_{in}^{*}\sqrt{3}+(v_{ina}(k+2)+2v_{inb}(k+2))Q_{in}^{*}}{2\sqrt{3}(v_{ina}(k+2)^{2}+v_{ina}(k+2)v_{inb}(k+2)+v_{inb}(k+2)^{2})}$, $i_{c}^{*}(k+2)= -(i_{a}^{*}(k+2)+i_{b}^{*}(k+2))$.

์‹ (9), (11), ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  (19)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์˜ต์…‹ ์ „์••์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋œ ์˜ต์…‹ ์ „์••์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์‹ (12)์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด AFE ์ „์••์„ ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด AFE ์ „์••์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋น„์šฉ ํ•จ์ˆ˜์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  k+2๋ฒˆ์งธ์˜ ์œ ํšจ ์ „๋ ฅ $P(k+2)$๊ณผ ๋ฌดํšจ ์ „๋ ฅ $Q(k+2)$์„ ๋‹ค์Œ ์‹(20)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ๋‹ค.

(20)
\begin{align*} P(k+2)= v_{ina}(k+2)(i_{ina}(k+2)\\ +\dfrac{T_{s}}{L_{s}}(v_{ina}(k+2)-v_{AFEa}^{m}(k+1)-Ri_{ina}(k+1)))\\ +v_{inb}(k+2)(i_{inb}(k+2)+\dfrac{T_{s}}{L_{s}}(v_{inb}(k+2)-v_{AFEb}^{m}(k+1)-Ri_{inb}(k+1)))\\ +v_{inc}(k+2)(i_{inc}(k+2)+\dfrac{T_{s}}{L_{s}}(v_{inc}(k+2)-v_{AFEc}^{m}(k+1)-Ri_{inc}(k+1))),\: \end{align*} \begin{align*} Q(k+2)=\dfrac{v_{inb}(k+2)-v_{inc}(k+2)}{\sqrt{3}}(i_{ina}(k+2)\\ +\dfrac{T_{s}}{L_{s}}(v_{ina}(k+2)-v_{AFEa}^{m}(k+1)-Ri_{ina}(k+1)))\\ +\dfrac{v_{inc}(k+2)-v_{ina}(k+2)}{\sqrt{3}})(i_{inb}(k+2)\\ +\dfrac{T_{s}}{L_{s}}(v_{inb}(k+2)-v_{AFEb}^{m}(k+1)-Ri_{inb}(k+1)))\\ +\dfrac{v_{ina}(k+2)-v_{inb}(k+2)}{\sqrt{3}}(i_{inc}(k+2)\\ +\dfrac{T_{s}}{L_{s}}(v_{inc}(k+2)-v_{AFEc}^{m}(k+1)-Ri_{inc}(k+1))). \end{align*}

์‹ (20)์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹ (21)์— ํ‘œํ˜„๋œ DPC(mod2)์˜ ๋น„์šฉ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9๋Š” DPC(mod2)์˜ ๋ธ”๋ก๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค.

(21)
$\begin{aligned} g_{D P C \bmod 2}=&\left|P^{*}(k+2)-P(k+2)\right| \\ &+\left|Q^{*}(k+2)-Q(k+2)\right| . \end{aligned}$

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 9. DPC ๊ณ„์—ด ์ˆ˜์ •ํ˜• (์˜คํ”„์…‹ ์ „์•• ์ฃผ์ž…ํ˜•) ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜: DPC(mod2)

Fig. 9. DPC-based modified model predictive control (offset voltage injection): DPC(mod2)

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.4.626/fig9.png

3. ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ 3์ƒ AC/DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 10์€ 6์ข…์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ œ์–ด๋œ 3์ƒ ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์–ป์–ด์ง„ 3์ƒ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ํŒŒํ˜•๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 10์˜ ์‹คํ—˜ ํŒŒํ˜•๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 6๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ œ์–ด ๋ฐฉ์‹๋“ค ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „์••๊ณผ ์œ„์ƒ์ด ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ •ํ˜„ํŒŒ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋‹จ์œ„ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ํŒŒํ˜•์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์ œ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์–ป์–ด์ง„ 3์ƒ ์ž…๋ ฅ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ THD ๊ฐ’์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์•ฝ 5%๋กœ์จ, ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฐ’์˜ ๊ณ ์กฐํŒŒ ์™œ๊ณก์„ ๊ฐ€์ง์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค (20).

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 10. 6๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” 3์ƒ ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ์˜ 3์ƒ ์ž…๋ ฅ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์‹คํ—˜ํŒŒํ˜• (a) VOC(conv) (b) DPC(conv) (c) VOC(mod1) (d) DPC(mod1) (e) VOC(mod2) (f) DPC(mod2)

Fig. 10. Experimental waveform of three-phase input current in the three-phase active rectifier operating with six model predictive control techniques (a) VOC(conv) (b) DPC(conv) (c) VOC(mod1) (d) DPC(mod1) (e) VOC(mod2) (f) DPC(mod2)

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.4.626/fig10_1.png../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.4.626/fig10_2.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 11. a์ƒ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „์••, a์ƒ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜, a์ƒ ์ƒ๋‹จ ์Šค์œ„์น˜ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์‹คํ—˜ ํŒŒํ˜• (a) VOC(conv) (b) DPC(conv) (c) VOC(mod1) (d) DPC(mod1) (e) VOC(mod2) (f) DPC(mod2)

Fig. 11. Experimental waveform of a-phase input voltage, a-phase input current, and a-phase upper switching signal (a) VOC(conv) (b) DPC(conv) (c) VOC(mod1) (d) DPC(mod1) (e) VOC(mod2) (f) DPC(mod2)

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.4.626/fig11_1.png../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.4.626/fig11_2.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 11์€ VOC ๋ฐ DPC ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ a์ƒ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „์••๊ณผ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ a์ƒ ์ƒ๋‹จ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ํŒจํ„ด๋“ค์˜ ์‹คํ—˜ ํŒŒํ˜•๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. VOC๊ณ„์—ด๊ณผ DPC๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธํŒŒ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์ค‘, ์Œ์˜ ๋ฐ˜ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—๋งŒ ์Šค์œ„์นญ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋™์ž‘์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์Šค์œ„์นญ ๋™์ž‘์ด ํŠน์ • ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ณ , ํŠนํžˆ ์Œ์˜ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ ํ™˜๋ฅ˜ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์—ญ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํ™˜๋ฅ˜ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ์˜ ์ „๋„ ์†์‹ค์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์ง•์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ์ด์™€๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, VOC ๊ณ„์—ด๊ณผ DPC ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์—์„œ๋Š” ์–‘๊ณผ ์Œ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์—์„œ ์Šค์œ„์นญ์„ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๋Š” ๋™์ž‘์„ ๊ฐ€์ง์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜• ์ œ์–ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ณด๋‹ค ์ˆ˜์ •ํ˜• ์ œ์–ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์†์‹ค์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ํŠน์ง•์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 12. ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „์•• ์‹คํ—˜ํŒŒํ˜•๋“ค ๋ฐ ํ™•๋Œ€ํŒŒํ˜•๋“ค (a) VOC(conv) (b) DPC(conv) (c) VOC(mod1) (d) DPC(mod1) (e) VOC(mod2) (f) DPC(mod2)

Fig. 12. Experimental waveform of the output voltage and expanded output voltage (a) VOC(conv) (b) DPC(conv) (c) VOC(mod1) (d) DPC(mod1) (e) VOC(mod2) (f) DPC(mod2)

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.4.626/fig12_1.png../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.4.626/fig12_2.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 12์™€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 13์€ VOC ๋ฐ DPC ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜• ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ œ์–ด๋˜๋Š” 3์ƒ ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ „์••๋“ค์˜ ์‹คํ—˜ ํŒŒํ˜•๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ณ ์† ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜ (Fast Fourier Transform: FFT) ํŒŒํ˜•๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 12๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด 6๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „์•• ๋ช…๋ น์น˜์ธ 300 V๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด์„œ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „์•• ๋งฅ๋™๊ฐ’์€ 1 V ์ด๋‚ด๋กœ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ํ™•๋Œ€๋œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „์•• ์‹คํ—˜ ํŒŒํ˜•๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ณ ์† ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ํŒŒํ˜•๋“ค์€ 6๊ฐ€์ง€ VOC ๋ฐ DPC ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜• ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค์†Œ ์ƒ์ดํ•œ ํŒŒํ˜•๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 13. ์ •์ƒ์ƒํƒœ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „์••์˜ ๊ณ ์† ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜ (FFT) ํŒŒํ˜• (a) VOC(conv) (b) DPC(conv) (c) VOC(mod1) (d) DPC(mod1) (e) VOC(mod2) (f) DPC(mod2)

Fig. 13. FFT result of the output voltage in the steady state (a) VOC(conv)

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.4.626/fig13_1.png../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.4.626/fig13_2.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 14. ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€๊ฐ’์ด 4A์—์„œ 8A๋กœ ์Šคํ… ๋ณ€ํ™” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—์„œ 3์ƒ ์ž…๋ ฅ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์‹คํ—˜ํŒŒํ˜•๋“ค ๋ฐ ํ™•๋Œ€ ํŒŒํ˜•๋“ค (a) VOC(conv) (b) DPC(conv) (c) VOC(mod1) (d) DPC(mod1) (e) VOC(mod2) (f) DPC(mod2)

Fig. 14. Experimental waveform and expanded waveform of three-phase input current in step change of the reference input current (4 A to 8 A) (a) VOC(conv) (b) DPC(conv) (c) VOC(mod1) (d) DPC(mod1) (e) VOC(mod2) (f) DPC(mod2)

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.4.626/fig14_1.png../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.4.626/fig14_2.png../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.4.626/fig14_3.png../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.4.626/fig14_4.png../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.4.626/fig14_5.png../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.4.626/fig14_6.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 14๋Š” ๊ฐ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๋ณ„ ๋™์  ์‘๋‹ต์˜ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํŒŒํ˜•๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „์•• ์กฐ์ •์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” PI์ œ์–ด ๋ธ”๋ก์ด ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ ๋™์ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์—†์• ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์ง์ ‘ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๊ฐ’์ด 4 A์—์„œ 8 A๋กœ ์Šคํ… ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•  ๋•Œ, 6๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋™์  ์‘๋‹ต์ด ๋ณ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค์‹ค๋กœ์Šค์ฝ”ํ”„์˜ ์ธก์ • ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณผ๋„ ์‘๋‹ต์ด ๋๋‚  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ VOC๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋“ค์ธ VOC(conv)๋Š” 0.24ms, VOC(mod1)๋Š” 0.32ms, VOC(mod2)๋Š” 0.35ms๊ฐ€ ๊ฑธ๋ ธ๊ณ , DPC๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ธ DPC(conv)๋Š” 0.23ms, DPC(mod1)๋Š” 0.24ms, DPC(mod2)๋Š” 0.24ms์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, 6๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋“ค์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋น ๋ฅธ ๊ณผ๋„ ์‘๋‹ต ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ž„์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, DPC๊ณ„์—ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋“ค์ด VOC๊ณ„์—ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋” ๋น ๋ฅธ ๊ณผ๋„ ์‘๋‹ต ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

4. ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๋“ฑ๊ฐ€ ์ง๋ ฌ ์ €ํ•ญ (ESR) ๋ณ€๋™์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์กฐ์‚ฌ

3์ƒ ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ง๋ฅ˜๋‹จ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ESR์ด 25 mฮฉ์—์„œ 175 mฮฉ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž…๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ธก์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ํŠน์„ฑ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 15๋Š” ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ง๋ฅ˜๋‹จ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ๋“ฑ๊ฐ€ ์ง๋ ฌ ์ €ํ•ญ๊ฐ’ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ THD ๊ฐ’์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ง๋ฅ˜๋‹จ ESR ๊ฐ’์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, VOC ๊ณ„์—ด ๋ฐ DPC ๊ณ„์—ด์—์„œ ์–ป์–ด์ง„ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ THD ๊ฐ’์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค (20). ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์—์„œ DPC ๊ณ„์—ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ œ์–ด๋˜๋Š” ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜ THD ๊ฐ’๋ณด๋‹ค, VOC ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ์ œ์–ด๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜ THD ๊ฐ’์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ •ํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„, ๋ฒกํ„ฐ ์„ ํƒํ˜•๊ณผ ์˜คํ”„์…‹ ์ „์•• ์ฃผ์ž…ํ˜• ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ VOC ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด DPC ๊ณ„์—ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํฐ THD ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ , ESR ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋” ํฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ๋น„๊ตํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” VOC ๊ณ„์—ด๊ณผ DPC ๊ณ„์—ด ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ˜• ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋“ค์ด ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜• ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋‚ฎ์€ THD๊ฐ’์„ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์˜ ESR ๊ฐ’์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋” ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 15. ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ๋“ฑ๊ฐ€ ์ง๋ ฌ ์ €ํ•ญ (ESR) ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ VOC ๋ฐ DPC ๊ณ„์—ด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ MPC๋กœ ์ œ์–ด๋œ 3์ƒ ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜ THD ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ™” (a) ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ• (b) ์ˆ˜์ •ํ˜• (๋ฒกํ„ฐ์„ ํƒํ˜• ๋ฐ ์˜คํ”„์…‹ ์ „์•• ์ฃผ์ž…ํ˜•) ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ•

Fig. 15. THD property according to ESR of output DC link capacitor in VOC- and DPC-based model predictive control in three-phase active rectifier (a) basic model predictive control (b) modified model predictive control (vector selection and offset voltage injection)

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๊ทธ๋ฆผ 16์€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ESR ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ 3์ƒ ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ „์•• ๋งฅ๋™๊ฐ’ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋ ค๋œ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ESR ์ „์ฒด ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—์„œ VOC๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „์••์˜ ๋งฅ๋™๊ฐ’์ด DPC ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „์•• ๋งฅ๋™๊ฐ’๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜• ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์ˆ˜์ •ํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ DPC ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ์ œ์–ด ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด VOC ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ์ œ์–ด ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „์•• ๋งฅ๋™๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ESR ๊ฐ’์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ DPC ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜• ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ˜• ์ œ์–ด ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋“ค์ด ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „์•• ๋งฅ๋™๊ฐ’ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰์ด VOC ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜• ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ˜• ์ œ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 16. ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ๋“ฑ๊ฐ€ ์ง๋ ฌ ์ €ํ•ญ (ESR) ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ VOC ๋ฐ DPC ๊ณ„์—ด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ MPC๋กœ ์ œ์–ด๋œ 3์ƒ ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ „์•• ๋งฅ๋™๊ฐ’ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ™” (a) ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ• (b) ์ˆ˜์ •ํ˜• (๋ฒกํ„ฐ์„ ํƒํ˜• ๋ฐ ์˜คํ”„์…‹ ์ „์•• ์ฃผ์ž…ํ˜•) ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ•

Fig. 16. Output voltage fluctuation according to ESR of output DC link capacitor in VOC- and DPC-based model predictive control in three-phase active rectifier (a) basic model predictive control (b) modified model predictive control (vector selection and offset voltage injection)

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๊ทธ๋ฆผ 17์€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ESR ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ 3์ƒ ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์ „๋ฅ˜ Root-Mean-Square(RMS) ๊ฐ’ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ESR ๊ฐ’์ด 25 mฮฉ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ESR ๊ฐ’ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—์„œ๋Š” VOC ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์ „๋ฅ˜ RMS ๊ฐ’์ด DPC ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์ „๋ฅ˜ RMS ๊ฐ’๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜• ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์ˆ˜์ •ํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, VOC ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ์ค‘ ์˜คํ”„์…‹ ์ „์•• ์ฃผ์ž… ๋ฐฉ์‹์ธ VOC(mod2)๊ฐ€ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ์„ ํƒํ˜• ๋ฐฉ์‹์ธ VOC(mod1)๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋” ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์ „๋ฅ˜ RMS ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ€์ง์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ RMS ๊ฐ’์€ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์†์‹ค์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, VOC ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด DPC ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํฐ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์†์‹ค์„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 17. ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ๋“ฑ๊ฐ€ ์ง๋ ฌ ์ €ํ•ญ (ESR) ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ VOC ๋ฐ DPC ๊ณ„์—ด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ MPC๋กœ ์ œ์–ด๋œ 3์ƒ ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์ „๋ฅ˜ RMS๊ฐ’ ๋ณ€ํ™” (a) ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ• (b) ์ˆ˜์ •ํ˜• (๋ฒกํ„ฐ์„ ํƒํ˜• ๋ฐ ์˜คํ”„์…‹ ์ „์•• ์ฃผ์ž…ํ˜•) ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ•

Fig. 17. RMS value of output DC link capacitor current according to ESR of output DC link capacitor in VOC- and DPC-based model predictive control in three-phase active rectifier (a) basic model predictive control (b) modified model predictive control (vector selection and offset voltage injection)

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๊ทธ๋ฆผ 18์€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ESR ๊ฐ’ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ 3์ƒ ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์†์‹ค ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋ ค๋œ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ด์Šค ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์ „์ฒด ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—์„œ VOC ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์†์‹ค๊ฐ’์ด DPC ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์†์‹ค๊ฐ’๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜• ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์ˆ˜์ •ํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ DPC ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ์ œ์–ด ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด VOC ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ์ œ์–ด ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์†์‹ค๊ณผ ๋” ๋†’์€ ํšจ์œจ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ESR๊ฐ’์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•  ๋•Œ, DPC ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ์ œ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜๋“ค์ด VOC ๊ณ„์—ด ์ œ์–ด ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์†์‹ค ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋” ์ ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, VOC๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ์ค‘ ์˜คํ”„์…‹ ์ „์•• ์ฃผ์ž… ๋ฐฉ์‹์ธ VOC(mod2)๊ฐ€ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ์„ ํƒํ˜• ๋ฐฉ์‹์ธ VOC(mod1)๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์†์‹ค๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ€์ง์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, DPC ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด VOC ๊ณ„์—ด ์ œ์–ด ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „์••, ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์†์‹ค ์ธก๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ๋” ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, VOC๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ์ค‘ ์˜คํ”„์…‹ ์ „์•• ์ฃผ์ž… ๋ฐฉ์‹์ธ VOC(mod2)๊ฐ€ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ์„ ํƒํ˜• ๋ฐฉ์‹์ธ VOC(mod1)๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‹ค์†Œ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 18. ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ๋“ฑ๊ฐ€ ์ง๋ ฌ ์ €ํ•ญ (ESR) ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ VOC ๋ฐ DPC ๊ณ„์—ด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ MPC๋กœ ์ œ์–ด๋œ 3์ƒ ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์†์‹ค ๋ณ€ํ™” (a) ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ• (b) ์ˆ˜์ •ํ˜• (๋ฒกํ„ฐ์„ ํƒํ˜• ๋ฐ ์˜คํ”„์…‹ ์ „์•• ์ฃผ์ž…ํ˜•) ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ•

Fig. 18. Output DC link capacitor loss according to ESR of output DC link capacitor in VOC- and DPC-based model predictive control in three-phase active rectifier (a) basic model predictive control (b) modified model predictive control (vector selection and offset voltage injection)

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5. ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ด์Šค ๋ณ€๋™์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์กฐ์‚ฌ

3์ƒ ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ง๋ฅ˜๋‹จ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ด์Šค ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด 1100 ฮผF์—์„œ 20 ฮผF๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž…๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ธก์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ํŠน์„ฑ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 19๋Š” ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ด์Šค ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ THD ๊ฐ’์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ง๋ฅ˜๋‹จ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ด์Šค ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ „์•• ๋งฅ๋™ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋งฅ๋™ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „์•• ๋งฅ๋™์ด ๊ธฐ์ค€๊ฐ’ 300 V์˜ 10% ์ดํ•˜๋กœ ์œ ์ง€๋˜๋Š” ๋ฒ”์œ„๊นŒ์ง€๋งŒ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋ ค๋œ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ด์Šค ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์ „์ฒด ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—์„œ VOC ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ DPC ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณ ์กฐํŒŒ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค (20). ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜• ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์ˆ˜์ •ํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ DPC ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ์ œ์–ด ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด VOC ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ์ œ์–ด ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ž…๋ ฅ์ „๋ฅ˜ THD ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, VOC ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ์ค‘ ์˜คํ”„์…‹ ์ „์•• ์ฃผ์ž… ๋ฐฉ์‹์ธ VOC(mod2)๊ฐ€ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ์„ ํƒํ˜• ๋ฐฉ์‹์ธ VOC(mod1)๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜ THD ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ€์ง์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 19. ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ด์Šค ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ VOC ๋ฐ DPC ๊ณ„์—ด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ MPC๋กœ ์ œ์–ด๋œ 3์ƒ ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜ THD ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ™” (a) ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ• (b) ์ˆ˜์ •ํ˜• (๋ฒกํ„ฐ์„ ํƒํ˜• ๋ฐ ์˜คํ”„์…‹ ์ „์•• ์ฃผ์ž…ํ˜•) ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ•

Fig. 19. THD of input current according to the capacitance of output DC link capacitor in VOC- and DPC-based model predictive control in three- phase active rectifier (a) basic model predictive control (b) modified model predictive control (vector selection and offset voltage injection)

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๊ทธ๋ฆผ 20์€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ด์Šค ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ 3์ƒ ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ „์•• ๋งฅ๋™๊ฐ’ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋ ค๋œ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ด์Šค ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์ „์ฒด ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—์„œ VOC ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „์••์˜ ๋งฅ๋™๊ฐ’์ด DPC ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „์•• ๋งฅ๋™๊ฐ’๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜• ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์ˆ˜์ •ํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ DPC ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ์ œ์–ด ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด VOC ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ์ œ์–ด ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „์•• ๋งฅ๋™๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 20. ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ด์Šค ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ VOC ๋ฐ DPC ๊ณ„์—ด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ MPC๋กœ ์ œ์–ด๋œ 3์ƒ ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ „์•• ๋งฅ๋™๊ฐ’ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ™” (a) ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ• (b) ์ˆ˜์ •ํ˜• (๋ฒกํ„ฐ์„ ํƒํ˜• ๋ฐ ์˜คํ”„์…‹ ์ „์•• ์ฃผ์ž…ํ˜•) ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ•

Fig. 20. Output voltage fluctuation according to the capacitance of output DC link capacitor in VOC- and DPC-based model predictive control in three-phase active rectifier (a) basic model predictive control (b) modified model predictive control (vector selection and offset voltage injection)

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๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 21. ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ด์Šค ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ VOC ๋ฐ DPC ๊ณ„์—ด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ MPC๋กœ ์ œ์–ด๋œ 3์ƒ ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์ „๋ฅ˜ RMS๊ฐ’ ๋ณ€ํ™” (a) ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ• (b) ์ˆ˜์ •ํ˜• (๋ฒกํ„ฐ์„ ํƒํ˜• ๋ฐ ์˜คํ”„์…‹ ์ „์•• ์ฃผ์ž…ํ˜•) ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ•

Fig. 21. RMS value of output DC link capacitor current according to the capacitance of output DC link capacitor in VOC- and DPC-based model predictive control in three-phase active rectifier (a) basic model predictive control (b) modified model predictive control (vector selection and offset voltage injection)

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๊ทธ๋ฆผ 21์€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ด์Šค ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ 3์ƒ ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์ „๋ฅ˜ Root-Mean-Square(RMS)๊ฐ’ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋ ค๋œ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ด์Šค ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์ „์ฒด ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—์„œ VOC ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์ „๋ฅ˜ RMS ๊ฐ’์ด DPC ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์ „๋ฅ˜ RMS ๊ฐ’๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜• ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์ˆ˜์ •ํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ DPC ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ์ œ์–ด ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด VOC๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ์ œ์–ด ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์ „๋ฅ˜ RMS ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, VOC ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ์ค‘ ์˜คํ”„์…‹ ์ „์•• ์ฃผ์ž… ๋ฐฉ์‹์ธ VOC(mod2)๊ฐ€ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ์„ ํƒํ˜• ๋ฐฉ์‹์ธ VOC(mod1)๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์ „๋ฅ˜ RMS ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ€์ง์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ RMS ๊ฐ’์€ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์†์‹ค์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, VOC ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด DPC ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํฐ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์†์‹ค์„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 22. ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ด์Šค ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ VOC ๋ฐ DPC ๊ณ„์—ด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ MPC๋กœ ์ œ์–ด๋œ 3์ƒ ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์†์‹ค ๋ณ€ํ™” (a) ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ• (b) ์ˆ˜์ •ํ˜• (๋ฒกํ„ฐ์„ ํƒํ˜• ๋ฐ ์˜คํ”„์…‹ ์ „์•• ์ฃผ์ž…ํ˜•) ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ•

Fig. 22. Output DC link capacitor loss according to the capacitance of output DC link capacitor in VOC- and DPC-based model predictive control in three-phase active rectifier (a) basic model predictive control (b) modified model predictive control (vector selection and offset voltage injection)

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๊ทธ๋ฆผ 22๋Š” ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ด์Šค ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ 3์ƒ ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์†์‹ค ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์˜ ESR์€ 100 mฮฉ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋ ค๋œ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ด์Šค ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์ „์ฒด ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—์„œ VOC ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์†์‹ค๊ฐ’์ด DPC ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์†์‹ค๊ฐ’๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜• ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์ˆ˜์ •ํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ DPC ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ์ œ์–ด ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด VOC ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ์ œ์–ด ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์†์‹ค๊ณผ ๋” ๋†’์€ ํšจ์œจ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, VOC ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ์ค‘ ์˜คํ”„์…‹ ์ „์•• ์ฃผ์ž… ๋ฐฉ์‹์ธ VOC(mod2)๊ฐ€ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ์„ ํƒํ˜• ๋ฐฉ์‹์ธ VOC(mod1)๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์†์‹ค๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ€์ง์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, DPC ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด VOC ๊ณ„์—ด ์ œ์–ด ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „์••, ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์†์‹ค ์ธก๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ๋” ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, VOC ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ์ค‘ ์˜คํ”„์…‹ ์ „์•• ์ฃผ์ž… ๋ฐฉ์‹์ธ VOC(mod2)๊ฐ€ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ์„ ํƒํ˜• ๋ฐฉ์‹์ธ VOC(mod1)๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‹ค์†Œ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค.

6. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” 3์ƒ ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋™์ž‘์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋“ค์„ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ž…์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „์•• ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ (VOC) ๋ฐ ์ง์ ‘ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด (DPC) ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ๊ฐ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜• ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ˜• ์ œ์–ด ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ˆ˜์ •ํ˜• ์ œ์–ด ๋ฐฉ์‹์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฒกํ„ฐ ์„ ํƒ ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ์˜คํ”„์…‹ ์ „์•• ์ฃผ์ž… ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ 6๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋™์ž‘๋œ 3์ƒ ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์ž…๋ ฅ์ธก ๋ฐ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ธก ์ „๊ธฐ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํŠนํžˆ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ง๋ฅ˜๋‹จ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ ESR ๋ณ€๋™์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ์†Œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ESR ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ์˜ํ•ด 3์ƒ ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋” ํฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜• ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ˜• ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ VOC ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋ณด๋‹ค DPC ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ESR ๊ฐ์†Œ ๋ฐ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ด์Šค ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ์†Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋” ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜ THD ์ธก๋ฉด ๋ฐ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „์•• ๋งฅ๋™ ์ธก๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ๋” ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณด์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์†์‹ค ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ๋„ DPC ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ์ œ์–ด ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋“ค์ด VOC ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ์ œ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋†’์€ ํšจ์œจ์„ ๋ณด์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Acknowledgements

์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ •๋ถ€(๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ๋ถ€)์˜ ์žฌ์›์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๊ตญ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์žฌ๋‹จ์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ (No. 2020R1A2C1013413)๋กœ์„œ, ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ถ€์ฒ˜์— ๊ฐ์‚ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

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์ €์ž์†Œ๊ฐœ

๊น€๋™์—ฐ (Dongyeon Kim)
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Dongyeon Kim received the M.S. degree in electrical and electronics engineering from Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea, in 2021.

๊น€์žฌ์ฐฝ (Jae-Chang Kim)
../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.4.626/au2.png

Jae-Chang Kim received the B.S. degree in electrical and electronics engineering from Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea, in 2017, where he is currently pursuing the combined M.S and Ph.D. degrees in electrical and electronics engineering. His research interests include control and analysis for two- level, multilevel, and matrix converters.

๊ณฝ์ƒ์‹  (Sangshin Kwak)
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Sangshin Kwak received the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA, in 2005. From 1999 to 2000, he was a Research Engi- neer with LG Electronics, Changwon, South Korea. He was also with Whirlpool R&D Center, Benton Harbor, MI, USA, in 2004. From 2005 to 2007, he was a Senior Engineer with Sam- sung SDI R&D Center, Yongin, South Korea. From 2007 to 2010, he was an Assistant Professor with Daegu University, Gyeongsan, South Korea. Since 2010, he has been with Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea, where he is currently a Professor. His research interests include design, modulation, and control of power converters, multilevel converters, rene- wable energy systems, deep learning applied power conversion, and reliability.