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  1. (Dept. of Radio and Information Communications Engineering, Chungnam National University, Korea)



3D printing, Dielectric constant, Loss tangent, Substrate integrated waveguide, Power combiner

1. ์„œ ๋ก 

3์ฐจ์› ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ… ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์€ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์˜ ์กฐ์ž‘๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์–‘๊ณผ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ์ฐ์–ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ์˜ํ•™ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ธ์ฒด ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง, ์ž๋™์ฐจ, ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ง‘๊นŒ์ง€๋„ 3์ฐจ์› ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ…์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” 2๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์ƒ์˜ 3์ฐจ์› ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ… ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ… ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์กฐ ๊ด‘๊ฒฝํ™”์™€ ์ „๋„์„ฑ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ง์ ‘ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ(direct writing) ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ 3์ฐจ์› ํšŒ๋กœ ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž…์ฒด ์ „์žํšŒ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค(1). ์ˆ˜์กฐ ๊ด‘๊ฒฝํ™” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์ž์™ธ์„  ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ๋น›์„ ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์„ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•ญ๊ณต, ๋ฏธ์„ธ ๊ฐ€๊ณต, ์ „์ž๋ถ€ํ’ˆ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ํ™œ์šฉ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์งˆ ์ „๋ง์ด๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” 3์ฐจ์› ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ… ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ ์ดˆ๊ณ ์ฃผํŒŒ์—์„œ ๋™์ž‘ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ €์†์‹ค ์ €์œ ์ „์œจ ์ „์†ก์„ ๋กœ ๋ฐ ๋ ˆ์ง„ ๊ธฐํŒ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ €๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ๊ธฐํŒ์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ด‘๊ฒฝํ™”์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” 3์ฐจ์› ํ”„๋ฆฐํ„ฐ์™€ PCB ์„ ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘์šฉ ํ”„๋ฆฐํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ „์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ Polaris็คพ์˜ ๋ ˆ์ง„ 3์ฐจ์› ํ”„๋ฆฐํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ํ›„์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” Voltera็คพ์˜ ๊ธˆ์† PCB ํ”„๋ฆฐํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „์žํŒŒ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์œผ๋กœ 3์ฐจ์› ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ 3์ฐจ์› ํ”„๋ฆฐํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์ธก์ •๊ฐ’๊ณผ ๋น„๊ต, ๋ถ„์„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ดˆ๊ณ ์ฃผํŒŒ ๋Œ€์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ธฐํŒ ์ง‘์  ๋„ํŒŒ๊ด€(Substrate Integrated Waveguide, SIW)์„ ๋ณ€ํ˜•ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ธ ๋นˆ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ธฐํŒ ์ง‘์  ๋„ํŒŒ๊ด€(Hollow Substrate Integrated Waveguide, HSIW)์„ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ(2,3), ๊ธฐํŒ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ฒด ์†์‹ค์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธฐํŒ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์  ๋นˆ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฝ ์„ ๋กœ(Partially Hollow Microstrip Line, PHMLIN)์™€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์  ๋นˆ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ธฐํŒ ์ง‘์  ๋„ํŒŒ๊ด€(Partially Hollow Substrate Integrated Waveguide, PHSIW)์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ €๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์ดˆ๊ณ ์ฃผํŒŒ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ ์ „์†ก์„ ๋กœ์˜ ์ „์†ก ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•œ ํ›„ PHMLIN-PHSIW ์ฒœ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ 1:2 ์ง„ํ–‰ํŒŒ ์ „๋ ฅํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„, ์ œ์ž‘ ๋ฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

2. PHMLIN ๊ตฌ์กฐ

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ 3์ฐจ์› ํ”„๋ฆฐํ„ฐ๋Š” ๊ด‘๊ฒฝํ™”์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์ง€(๋ ˆ์ง„)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ธฐ์กด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ๋ ˆ์ง„์˜ ์œ ์ „์œจ ๋ฐ ์†์‹ค ํƒ„์  ํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 2.7, 0.053์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(4). ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” ๋ ˆ์ง„์˜ ์œ ์ „์œจ ๋ฐ ์†์‹ค ํƒ„์  ํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐํŒ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•œ PHMLIN ์ „์†ก์„ ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ , ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์ œ์ž‘ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค.

2.1 ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1์€ ์†์‹ค ํƒ„์  ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐํŒ์˜ ์ผ์ • ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•œ PHMLIN ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. $w_{ms}$๋Š” PHMLIN์˜ 50 โ„ฆ ์„ ํญ, $w_{h2}$๋Š” ๊ธฐํŒ์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ํญ, $h_{h}$๋Š” ๊ณต๊ธฐ์ธต์˜ ๋†’์ด, $h$๋Š” ๊ธฐํŒ์˜ ์ „์ฒด ๋†’์ด์ด๋ฉฐ $l_{ms}$๋Š” PHMLIN์˜ ์ „์ฒด ๊ธธ์ด์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ $w_{h1}$์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์€ ๋ ˆ์ง„์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์ž‘ ๋ฐ ์ธก์ • ์‹œ ์ปค๋„ฅํ„ฐ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ถ€์—์„œ ๊ธฐํŒ ํ˜•์ƒ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฝ์ž…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๊ฐ’์€ ์ „์žํŒŒ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์œผ๋กœ ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ‘œ 1์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ‘œ 1์— ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ „์†ก์„ ๋กœ์˜ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2๋Š” $l_{ms}$๊ฐ€ 20 mm, 40 mm, 60 mm์ธ PHMLIN์„ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด๋ฉฐ 7 GHz์—์„œ S21์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์•ฝ ๏ผ0.95 dB, ๏ผ1.92 dB, ๏ผ2.89 dB์˜ ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ S11์€ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์—ญ์—์„œ ๏ผ20 dB ์ดํ•˜์˜ ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. PHMLIN์˜ ๊ธธ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ S21์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹จ์œ„ ๊ธธ์ด๋‹น ์†์‹ค์€ ์•ฝ 0.48 dB/cm์ž„์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1 ๋ถ€๋ถ„์  ๋นˆ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฝ ์„ ๋กœ

Fig. 1 Partially hollow microstrip line

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.8.1188/fig1.png

ํ‘œ 1 ๋ถ€๋ถ„์  ๋นˆ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฝ ์„ ๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ

Table 1 Design parameters of the partially hollow microstrip line

Parameter

Value (mm)

Parameter

Value (mm)

$w_{ms}$

3

$h_{h}$

0.4

$w_{h1}$

1.5

$h$

1

$w_{h2}$

10

$l_{ms}$

20, 40, 60

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2 ๋ถ€๋ถ„์  ๋นˆ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฝ ์„ ๋กœ์˜ ๊ธธ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ S ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

Fig. 2 Simulated S parameter results of the partially hollow microstrip lines with different lengths

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.8.1188/fig2.png

2.2 ์ œ์ž‘ ๋ฐ ์ธก์ •

๊ด‘๊ฒฝํ™”์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์ง€, ๋ ˆ์ง„์˜ ๋†’์€ ์†์‹ค ํƒ„์  ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธฐํŒ ๋งค์งˆ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ธฐํŒ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์†์‹ค์˜ ๊ฐœ์„  ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฝ ์„ ๋กœ(Microstrip Line, MLIN)์™€ PHMLIN์˜ ์ œ์ž‘ ๋ฐ ์ธก์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

2.2.1 MLIN

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3์€ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ MLIN์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐํŒ์˜ ๋†’์ด๋Š” 1.0 mm, ์„ ๋กœ ํญ์€ 2.6 mm, ์„ ๋กœ ๊ธธ์ด๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ 40 mm์™€ 60 mm๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3์„ SOLT(Short-Open-Load-Thru)๋กœ ๋ณด์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4์— ๋„์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. S21์€ 7 GHz์—์„œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๏ผ2.34 dB, ๏ผ3.34 dB์ด๋ฉฐ, S11์€ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์—ญ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๏ผ20 dB ์ดํ•˜๋กœ ์ธก์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. MLIN์˜ ๊ธธ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ S21์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ๋‹จ์œ„ ๊ธธ์ด๋‹น ์†์‹ค์€ ์•ฝ 0.52 dB/cm์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ปค๋„ฅํ„ฐ ์†์‹ค์ด ์ œ์™ธ๋œ ์„ ๋กœ๋งŒ์˜ ์†์‹ค์ด๋‹ค. ์ธก์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‚ฐ์ถœ๋œ ์ปค๋„ฅํ„ฐ ์ž์ฒด ์†์‹ค ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๋ถ€์ •ํ•ฉ ์†์‹ค์€ ์•ฝ 0.2 dB๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3 ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฝ ์„ ๋กœ

Fig. 3 Fabricated microstrip line

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.8.1188/fig3.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4 ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฝ ์„ ๋กœ์˜ ๊ธธ์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ S ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ธก์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

Fig. 4 Measured S parameter results of the microstrip lines with different lengths

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.8.1188/fig4.png

2.2.2 PHMLIN

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ PHMLIN์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ SOLT๋กœ ๋ณด์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6์— ๋„์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5 ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์  ๋นˆ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฝ ์„ ๋กœ

Fig. 5 Fabricated partially hollow microstrip line

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.8.1188/fig5.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6 ๋ถ€๋ถ„์  ๋นˆ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฝ ์„ ๋กœ์˜ ๊ธธ์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ S ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ธก์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

Fig. 6 Measured S parameter results of the partially hollow microstrip lines with different lengths

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.8.1188/fig6.png

S21์€ 7 GHz์—์„œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๏ผ1.23 dB, ๏ผ2.14 dB, ๏ผ3.06 dB์ด๋ฉฐ, S11์€ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์—ญ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๏ผ20 dB ์ดํ•˜๋กœ ์ธก์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. PHMLIN์˜ ๊ธธ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ S21์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ๋‹จ์œ„ ๊ธธ์ด๋‹น ์†์‹ค์€ ์•ฝ 0.46 dB/cm์ด๋ฉฐ, MLIN์˜ ๋‹จ์œ„๊ธธ์ด๋‹น ์†์‹ค๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ์†์‹ค ๊ฐ์†Œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ธก์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‚ฐ์ถœ๋œ ์ปค๋„ฅํ„ฐ ์ž์ฒด ์†์‹ค ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๋ถ€์ •ํ•ฉ ์†์‹ค์€ MLIN์—์„œ์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์•ฝ 0.2 dB๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.

3. PHMLIN-PHSIW ์ฒœ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ

๋ณธ ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” PHMLIN๊ณผ PHSIW ์ฒœ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋„ํŒŒ๊ด€ ์ด๋ก ์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

3.1 Title

SIW๋Š” TEm0 ๋ชจ๋“œ๋งŒ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ „ํŒŒ ๋ชจ๋“œ๋Š” TE10 ๋ชจ๋“œ์ด๋‹ค(5). SIW์˜ ์ฐจ๋‹จ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ „ํŒŒ ๋ชจ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ตฌํ˜• ๋„ํŒŒ๊ด€์˜ ์‹์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋„์ถœ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ (1)์€ ๊ตฌํ˜• ๋„ํŒŒ๊ด€์˜ ์ฐจ๋‹จ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ „ํŒŒ ๋ชจ๋“œ์˜ ์ฐจ๋‹จ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์‹ (2)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค.

(1)
$f_{c_{mn}}=\dfrac{1}{2\pi\sqrt{\mu\epsilon}}\sqrt{(\dfrac{m\pi}{a_{SIW}})^{2}+(\dfrac{n\pi}{b})^{2}}$

(2)
$f_{c_{10}}=\dfrac{1}{2a_{SIW}\sqrt{\mu\epsilon}}$

(3)
$Z_{TE}=\dfrac{377}{\sqrt{\epsilon_{r}}}\times\dfrac{\lambda_{g,\:ms}}{\lambda_{0}}$

(4)
$Z_{SIW}=Z_{TE}\times\dfrac{\pi^{2}h}{8a_{SIW}}$

์‹ (3)์€ TE ๋ชจ๋“œ์˜ ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค์ด๋ฉฐ, ์‹ (4)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด SIW์˜ ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค๋ฅผ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒœ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ํ…Œ์ดํผ ์„ ํญ์€ ์œ„์˜ ์‹๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•œ PHSIW ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ PHMLIN-PHSIW ์ฒœ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8(a)๋Š” ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฝ ์„ ๋กœ์—์„œ SIW๋กœ ์ฒœ์ด๋˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. $a_{SIW}$ ๋Š” ํ‰ํ–‰ํ•œ ๋‘ ์—ด์˜ ๋น„์•„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ํญ, $w_{eq}$๋Š” SIW์˜ ์‹คํšจ ํญ, $d$๋Š” ๋น„์•„์˜ ์ง€๋ฆ„, $p$๋Š” ๋น„์•„ ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ, $l_{t}$๋Š” ํ…Œ์ดํผ์˜ ๊ธธ์ด, $l_{input}$์€ ์ž…๋ ฅ๋ถ€์˜ PHMLIN์˜ ๊ธธ์ด, $w_{t}$๋Š” ํ…Œ์ดํผ์˜ ํญ, $w_{tv}$๋Š” 50 โ„ฆ ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค ์ •ํ•ฉ ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๋น„์•„ ๊ฐ„์˜ ํญ, $h_{a}$๋Š” ๊ณต๊ธฐ์ธต์˜ ๋†’์ด๋‹ค.

(5)
$l_{t}=\dfrac{\lambda_{g,\:ms}}{8}$

(6)
$\lambda_{g,\:ms}=\dfrac{\lambda_{g0}}{\sqrt{\epsilon_{eff}}}$

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7 ๋ถ€๋ถ„์  ๋นˆ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ธฐํŒ ์ง‘์  ๋„ํŒŒ๊ด€

Fig. 7 Partially hollow substrate integrated waveguide

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.8.1188/fig7.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8 ๋ถ€๋ถ„์  ๋นˆ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฝ-๊ธฐํŒ ์ง‘์  ๋„ํŒŒ๊ด€ ์ฒœ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ (a) ๊ธˆ์†์„ ๋กœ ์ฒœ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ (b) ๊ธฐํŒ ์ฒœ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ

Fig. 8 Partially hollow microstrip-substrate integrated waveguide transition (a) metal line transition (b) substrate transition

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.8.1188/fig8.png

(7)
$w_{eq}=\dfrac{c}{2f_{c}\sqrt{\varepsilon_{r}}}$

(8)
$w_{tv}=0.8556 a_{SIW}$

(9)
$w(x)=\dfrac{w_{tr}(e^{-2}-e^{-\dfrac{2x}{l_{t}}})+0.1(e^{-2}-1)}{e^{-2}-1}$

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8(b)๋Š” ํ…Œ์ดํผ ์„ ๋กœ ๋ฐ‘์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ PHMLIN์—์„œ PHSIW๋กœ์˜ ๊ธฐํŒ ์ฒœ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8(b)์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” $w_{tr}$์„ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ (9)์— ์˜ํ•ด ํญ์ด ์ ์  ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ฒŒ๋” ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค(6,7). ์ฒœ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋“ค์€ ์‹ (1)~(8)์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ’์ด ์ •ํ•ด์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ(8), ์ „์žํŒŒ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋œ ๊ฐ’์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ข… ์„ค๊ณ„ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋“ค์€ ํ‘œ 2์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ „์žํŒŒ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9์— ๋„์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 7 GHz์—์„œ S21์€ ์•ฝ ๏ผ0.68 dB์™€ ๏ผ0.84 dB์˜ ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ S11์€ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์—ญ์—์„œ ๏ผ20 dB ์ดํ•˜์˜ ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. PHSIW์˜ ๊ธธ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ S21์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ๋‹จ์œ„ ๊ธธ์ด๋‹น ์†์‹ค์€ ์•ฝ 0.12 dB/cm๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ‘œ 2 ๋ถ€๋ถ„์  ๋นˆ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฝ-๊ธฐํŒ ์ง‘์  ๋„ํŒŒ๊ด€ ์ฒœ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์„ค๊ณ„ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋“ค

Table 2 Design parameters of the partially hollow microstrip-substrate integrated waveguide transition Parameter

Parameter

Value (mm)

Parameter

Value (mm)

$d$

1

$w_{eq}$

29.3

$p$

1.9

$a_{SIW}$

30.3

$w_{ms}$

3

$l_{t}$

6

$w_{tv}$

23

$l_{input}$

1

$w_{tr}$

9

$l_{SIW}$

15.2, 28.5

$w_{t}$

10

$h_{a}$

0.7

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9 ๋ถ€๋ถ„์  ๋นˆ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฝ-๊ธฐํŒ ์ง‘์  ๋„ํŒŒ๊ด€ ์ฒœ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๊ธธ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ S ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

Fig. 9 Simulated S parameter results of the partially hollow microstrip-substrate integrated waveguide transition structures with different lengths

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.8.1188/fig9.png

3.2 ์ œ์ž‘ ๋ฐ ์ธก์ •

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 10์€ ์ œ์ž‘๋œ PHMLIN-PHSIW ์ฒœ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ S ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ธก์ •๊ฐ’์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 11์— ๋„์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 11์—์„œ ์ €์ฃผํŒŒ์—์„œ์˜ ์†์‹ค์ด ๊ณ ์ฃผํŒŒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ธก์ •๋œ ์›์ธ์€ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์‹ค์ œ ์ œ์ž‘ ํ›„์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด ๊ธธ์ด($l_{SIW}$) ๋ฐ ํญ($w_{eq}$)์—์„œ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์˜ค์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ ์ฐจ๋‹จ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋ณด๋‹ค ์‹ค์ œ ์ฐจ๋‹จ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ƒํ–ฅ๋˜์–ด ์ธก์ •๋œ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ์ฐจ๋‹จ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 10 ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์  ๋นˆ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฝ-๊ธฐํŒ ์ง‘์  ๋„ํŒŒ๊ด€ back-to-back ์ฒœ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ

Fig. 10 Fabricated partially hollow microstrip-substrate integrated waveguide back- to-back transition

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.8.1188/fig10.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 11 ๋ถ€๋ถ„์  ๋นˆ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฝ-๊ธฐํŒ ์ง‘์  ๋„ํŒŒ๊ด€ ์ฒœ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ back-to-back ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์„ ๋กœ ๊ธธ์ด๋ณ„ S ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ธก์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

Fig. 11 Measured S parameter results of the back-to-back structures with different lengths that include partially hollow microstrip-substrate integrated waveguide transitions

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.8.1188/fig11.png

์ธก์ •๋œ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋“ค์€ 7 GHz์—์„œ S21์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๏ผ0.92 dB์™€ ๏ผ1.11 dB์˜ ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ, S11์€ ๏ผ20 dB ์ดํ•˜์˜ ๊ฐ’์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. PHSIW์˜ ๊ธธ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ S21์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ์ธก์ •๋œ ๋‹จ์œ„ ๊ธธ์ด๋‹น ์†์‹ค์€ ์•ฝ 0.14 dB/cm์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ธก์ •์šฉ ์ปค๋„ฅํ„ฐ ์†์‹ค์ด ์ œ์™ธ๋œ ์„ ๋กœ๋งŒ์˜ ์†์‹ค์ด๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ž…๋ ฅ๋ถ€์˜ PHMLIN ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์†์‹ค์€ 0.48 dB/cm์ด๊ณ , PHSIW๋Š” 0.12 dB/cm์˜ ์†์‹ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฏ€๋กœ ์„ ๋กœ์˜ ์ด ์†์‹ค์„ ๊ฐ์•ˆํ•˜๋ฉด $l_{t}$์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ํฌํŠธ 1๊ณผ 2์— ์žˆ๋Š” 2๊ฐœ ์ฒœ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์†์‹ค์€ 0.4 dB๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ธก์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ์ž…๋ ฅ๋ถ€์˜ PHMLIN ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์†์‹ค์€ 0.46 dB/cm ์ด๊ณ , PHSIW๋Š” 0.14 dB/cm์˜ ์†์‹ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ž…์ถœ๋ ฅ ์–‘๋‹จ์˜ ์ฒœ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ์—์„œ์˜ ์†์‹ค์€ 0.4 dB์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ปค๋„ฅํ„ฐ ์ž์ฒด ์†์‹ค ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ถ€์˜ ๋ถ€์ •ํ•ฉ ์†์‹ค์€ 0.22 dB์ž„์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” 2.2์ ˆ์˜ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ž‘์€ ์•ฝ 0.02 dB์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค.

3.3 TRL ๋ณด์ •

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 12๋Š” ์ œ์ž‘๋œ TRL(Thru-Reflect-Line) ๋ณด์ • ์†Œ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ(9), Thru์™€ Line์˜ ์œ„์ƒ์ฐจ๋Š” ๋น„์•„ ํ™€์„ ๋ณผํŠธ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ์ž‘๊ณต์ •์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ 93.1ยฐ์˜ ์œ„์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ–๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 13์€ SOLT ๋ฐ TRL ๋ณด์ • ํ›„ Thru ๋ฐ Line์˜ S ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ธก์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. SOLT ๋ณด์ • ํ›„ Thru ๋ฐ Line์˜ S21์€ 7 GHz์—์„œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๏ผ0.92 dB, ๏ผ1.11 dB์˜ ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ, TRL ๋ณด์ • ํ›„์—๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๏ผ0.003 dB, ๏ผ0.263 dB์˜ ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ Thru์™€ Line์˜ S21 ์œ„์ƒ ์ฐจ๋Š” 92.5ยฐ๋กœ SOLT๋กœ ๋ณด์ • ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์™€ ์•ฝ 0.6ยฐ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์ปค๋„ฅํ„ฐ ์†์‹ค ๋ฐ ์ฒœ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ ์ ˆํžˆ ๋””์ž„๋ฒ ๋”ฉ(de-embedding) ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. TRL ๋ณด์ •์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ Thru์˜ ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ธก์ • ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์ด ๋˜์–ด ์ธก์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€ํ”ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ถ€์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์„ ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ฐ ์ฒœ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด๋“ค์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋งค์šฐ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 12 ์ œ์ž‘๋œ TRL ๋ณด์ • ์†Œ์ž

Fig. 12 Fabricated TRL calibration devices

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.8.1188/fig12.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 13 SOLT ๋ฐ TRL ๋ณด์ • ํ›„ Thru ๋ฐ Line์˜ S21 ์ธก์ •๊ฐ’

Fig. 13 Measured S21 of Thru and Line after SOLT and TRL calibration

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.8.1188/fig13.png

3.4 PHMLIN ๋ฐ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์ฒœ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€

ํ‘œ 3์€ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ PHMLIN-PHSIW ์ฒœ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ธฐ์กด MLIN-SIW ์ฒœ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ฐœํ‘œ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(10,11). PCB ๊ธฐํŒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, ๋™์ž‘ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์•ˆ ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ๋‹จ์œ„ ๊ธธ์ด๋‹น ์†์‹ค์ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

ํ‘œ 4๋Š” PHMLIN-PHSIW ์ฒœ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ 3์ฐจ์› ํ”„๋ฆฐํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ MLIN-SIW ์ฒœ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ฐœํ‘œ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(12,13). ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ (12)๋ณด๋‹ค ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€์—ญ์ด ๋†’์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •ํ•ฉ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์†์‹ค ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ๋น„์Šทํ•จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํ…Œ์ดํผ ๋น„์•„๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ฒœ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ (8)๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์  ๋นˆ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐํŒ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์œ ์ „์ฒด ์†์‹ค์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค.

4. PHMLIN-PHSIW ์ฒœ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ 1:2 ์ง„ํ–‰ํŒŒ ์ „๋ ฅํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ธฐ

๋ณธ ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” 3์žฅ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ PHMLIN-PHSIW์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ 1:2 ์ง„ํ–‰ํŒŒ ์ „๋ ฅํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„, ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

4.1 ์ด๋ก  ๋ฐ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 14๋Š” 1:2 ์ง„ํ–‰ํŒŒ ์ „๋ ฅํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ธฐ ์„ค๊ณ„์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ T-์ ‘ํ•ฉ ์ „๋ ฅํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ธฐ์ด๋ฉฐ(14), ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 15๋Š” PHMLIN-PHSIW ์ฒœ์ด๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•œ 1:2 ์ง„ํ–‰ํŒŒ ์ „๋ ฅํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค(15). ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 15์—์„œ $W_{1}$์€ ๋Œ€์—ญํญ์„ ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์œˆ๋„์šฐ(window)์˜ ๋„ˆ๋น„์ด๋ฉฐ, $W_{2}$๋Š” ํฌํŠธ 2์™€ ํฌํŠธ 3์˜ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ •ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ํญ์ด๋‹ค. $L_{1}$ ๋ฐ $L_{2}$๋Š” ํฌํŠธ 1์—์„œ ํฌํŠธ 2, ํฌํŠธ 3์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ง„ํ–‰ํŒŒ ์˜ˆ์ƒ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ‘œ 5๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 15์˜ ์ „๋ ฅํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ธฐ ์„ค๊ณ„์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์ด๋ฉฐ ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋Š” ์ „์žํŒŒ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์œผ๋กœ ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋œ ๊ฐ’์ด๋‹ค. ํ‘œ 5์—์„œ $n(post)$๋Š” $p_{y}$๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋น„์•„ ํ™€์˜ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜, $n(w\in dow)$๋Š” ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ํญ($W_{1}$)์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋น„์•„ ํ™€์˜ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค. ํฌํŠธ 2์™€ ํฌํŠธ 3์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ๋น„ $D_{1}$, $D_{2}$๋Š” ์‹ (10)๊ณผ (11)๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 15์˜ $W_{1}$๊ณผ $W_{2}$์˜ ๊ฐ’์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ์‹ (10)๊ณผ (11)๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋œ ๊ฐ’์€ dB๋กœ ํ™˜์‚ฐ๋œ ๊ฐ’์ด๋‹ค. ์ง„ํ–‰ํŒŒ ์ „๋ ฅํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์‹ (10)๊ณผ (11)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํฌํŠธ 2์™€ 3์œผ๋กœ ๋™๋“ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.

(10)
$D_{1}=10\log(\dfrac{W_{1}}{W_{1}+W_{2}})$

(11)
$D_{2}=10\log(\dfrac{W_{2}}{W_{1}+W_{2}})$

ํ‘œ 3 ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ PHMLIN-PHSIW ์ฒœ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ PCB ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฝ-SIW, ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฝ-HSIW ์ฒœ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋น„๊ต

Table 3 Performance comparison of the proposed PHMLIN-PHSIW transition and previously published PCB-based microstrip-SIW and microstrip- HSIW transitions

This work

Ref. [10]

Ref. [11]

Transition

PHMLIN-

PHSIW

Microstrip-

HSIW

Microstrip-

SIW

Frequency

[GHz]

6.5~7.5

6.6~16.45

8~15

Return loss

[dB]

โ‰ฅ 20

โ‰ฅ 13.5

โ‰ฅ 20

Insertion loss

[dB]

โ‰ค 1.14

โ‰ค 1.5

โ‰ค 1.0

Length [mm]

42.5

36*

24.8

Insertion loss

per unit length [dB/cm]

โ‰ค 0.27

โ‰ค 0.417

โ‰ค 0.403

Substrate

Resin

Rogers 5880

Rogers 4003

tanฮด

0.053

@ 7 GHz

0.0009

@ 10 GHz

0.0027

@ 10 GHz

Thickness [mm]

1

0.508

0.208

* Estimated from the photograph of the fabricated sample

ํ‘œ 4 ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ PHMLIN-PHSIW ์ฒœ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ 3์ฐจ์› ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ…์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฝ-SIW ์ฒœ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋น„๊ต

Table 4 Performance comparison of the proposed PHMLIN-PHSIW transition and previously published microstrip-SIW transitions using 3D printing

This work

Ref. [12]

Ref. [13]

Transition

PHMLIN-

PHSIW

Microstrip-

SIW

(Honeycomb)

Microstrip-

SIW

(Suspended)

Fabrication

3D printing

3D printing

3D printing

Frequency[GHz]

6.5~7.5

3.4~5.5

3.1~4.8

Return loss[dB]

โ‰ฅ 20

โ‰ฅ 10

โ‰ฅ 20

Insertion loss[dB]

โ‰ค 1.14

โ‰ค 1.81

โ‰ค 4.34

Length [mm]

42.5

90*

50.6*

Insertion loss per unit length [dB/cm]

โ‰ค 0.27

โ‰ค 0.20

โ‰ค 0.86*

Substrate

Resin

PLA

T-glase

tanฮด

0.053

@ 7 GHz

0.03

@ 4 GHz

0.01

@ 3 GHz

Thickness [mm]

1

0.85

2

* Estimated from the photograph of the fabricated sample

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 14 ๊ธฐํŒ ์ง‘์  ๋„ํŒŒ๊ด€ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ T-์ ‘ํ•ฉ ์ „๋ ฅํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ธฐ

Fig. 14 SIW-based T-junction power combiner

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.8.1188/fig14.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 15 PHMLIN, PHMLIN-PHSIW ์ฒœ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ PHSIW ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ 1:2 ์ง„ํ–‰ํŒŒ ์ „๋ ฅํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ธฐ

Fig. 15 1:2 traveling-wave power combiner using PHMLIN, PHMLIN-PHSIW transition and PHSIW structures

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.8.1188/fig15.png

ํ‘œ 5 1:2 ์ง„ํ–‰ํŒŒ ์ „๋ ฅํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ธฐ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ

Table 5 Design parameters of the 1:2 traveling-wave power combiner

Parameter

Value (mm)

Parameter

Value (mm)

$p_{x}$

4.2

$n(post)$

5

$p_{y}$

20.3

$n(w\in dow)$

2

$p_{post}$

1.9

$p_{w\in dow}$

2.5

4.2 ์ œ์ž‘ ๋ฐ ์ธก์ •

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 16์€ ํ‘œ 5์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์ž‘๋œ PHSIW ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ง„ํ–‰ํŒŒ ์ „๋ ฅํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 17์— ๋ณด์ธ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด, ์ „๋ ฅํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ธฐ์˜ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” 7 GHz์—์„œ S21, S31๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ โ€“4.33 dB์™€ -4.39 dB์˜ ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ, S11์€ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์—ญ ๋‚ด์—์„œ -20 dB ์ดํ•˜์˜ ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ž…์ถœ๋ ฅ๋ถ€ PHMLIN ์†์‹ค, ์ฒœ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์†์‹ค, PHSIW์˜ ์„ ๋กœ $L_{1}$๊ณผ $L_{2}$์˜ ์†์‹ค์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋ฉด, ํฌํŠธ 1์—์„œ ํฌํŠธ 2๋กœ์˜ ์‚ฝ์ž… ์†์‹ค์€ ์•ฝ 1.03 dB, ํฌํŠธ 1์—์„œ ํฌํŠธ 3์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์‚ฝ์ž… ์†์‹ค์€ ์•ฝ 1.48 dB๋กœ ์‚ฐ์ •๋œ๋‹ค. $W_{1}$์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๋Š” 19.5 mm, $W_{2}$์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๋Š” 21 mm์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์‹ (10)๊ณผ (11)๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํฌํŠธ 2๋กœ์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ $D_{1}$์€ ๏ผ3.17 dB, ํฌํŠธ 3์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ $D_{2}$๋Š” ๏ผ2.85 dB์— ํ•ด๋‹น๋œ๋‹ค. S21์€ ํฌํŠธ 1์—์„œ 2๋กœ์˜ ์‚ฝ์ž… ์†์‹ค๊ณผ $D_{1}$์„ ๋”ํ•œ ๏ผ4.2 dB๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ „์žํŒŒ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ์•ฝ 0.13 dB ์ •๋„์˜ ์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. S31์€ ํฌํŠธ 1์—์„œ 3์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์‚ฝ์ž… ์†์‹ค๊ณผ $D_{2}$๋ฅผ ๋”ํ•œ ๏ผ4.33 dB์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฐ์ˆ  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ „์žํŒŒ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ์•ฝ 0.06 dB์˜ ์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 16 ์ œ์ž‘๋œ PHSIW ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ 1:2 ์ง„ํ–‰ํŒŒ ์ „๋ ฅํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ธฐ

Fig. 16 Fabricated PHSIW-based 1:2 traveling-wave power combiner

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.8.1188/fig16.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 17 1:2 ์ง„ํ–‰ํŒŒ ์ „๋ ฅํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ธฐ์˜ S ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ์ „๋ ฅํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ธฐ์˜ SOLT ๋ณด์ • ํ›„์˜ ์ธก์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

Fig. 17 Simulated S parameter results of the 1:2 traveling-wave power combiner and its measured S parameter results after SOLT calibration

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.8.1188/fig17.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 17์€ ์ œ์ž‘๋œ 1:2 ์ง„ํ–‰ํŒŒ ์ „๋ ฅํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ธก์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ธก์ •๊ฐ’์€ 7 GHz์—์„œ S21, S31์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์•ฝ ๏ผ4.8 dB์™€ ๏ผ4.6 dB์˜ ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ, S11์€ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์—ญ์—์„œ ๏ผ20 dB ์ดํ•˜๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ž…ยท์ถœ๋ ฅ๋ถ€์˜ PHMLIN ์†์‹ค, PHMLIN๊ณผ PHSIW ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ฒœ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์†์‹ค ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 15์˜ 44.1 mm์˜ $L_{1}$๊ณผ 82.1 mm์˜ $L_{2}$์˜ ์†์‹ค์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋ฉด, ํฌํŠธ 1์—์„œ 2๋กœ์˜ ์‚ฝ์ž… ์†์‹ค์€ ์•ฝ 1.11 dB, ํฌํŠธ 1์—์„œ 3์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์‚ฝ์ž… ์†์‹ค์€ ์•ฝ 1.64 dB๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. $W_{1}$์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๋Š” 19 mm, $W_{2}$์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๋Š” 20.3 mm์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์‹ (10)๊ณผ (11)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ํฌํŠธ 2์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ๋น„ $D_{1}$์€ ๏ผ3.16 dB, ํฌํŠธ 3 ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ๋น„ $D_{2}$๋Š” ๏ผ2.87 dB๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. S21์€ ํฌํŠธ 1์—์„œ 2๋กœ์˜ ์‚ฝ์ž… ์†์‹ค๊ณผ $D_{1}$ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  3.2์ ˆ์—์„œ ๊ตฌํ•œ ์ปค๋„ฅํ„ฐ ์†์‹ค์„ ๋”ํ•ด์„œ ๏ผ4.47 dB๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ์ธก์ •๊ฐ’๊ณผ ์•ฝ 0.33 dB์˜ ์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. S31์€ ํฌํŠธ 1์—์„œ 3์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์‚ฝ์ž… ์†์‹ค๊ณผ $D_{2}$, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ปค๋„ฅํ„ฐ ์†์‹ค์„ ๋”ํ•ด ๏ผ4.71 dB์ด ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ธก์ •๊ฐ’๊ณผ ์•ฝ 0.11 dB์˜ ์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์•ž์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋ณ„ ์ธก์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ์‹์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‚ฐ์ˆ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋˜๋Š” ์ „๋‹ฌ ํŠน์„ฑ์€ 3์ฐจ์› ์ „์žํŒŒ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋œ ๊ฐ’ ๋ฐ ์‹ค์ œ ์ธก์ •๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ์ž˜ ๋ถ€ํ•ฉํ•จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

ํ‘œ 6 1:2 ์ง„ํ–‰ํŒŒ ์ „๋ ฅํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ธฐ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์™€ ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์˜ ์ธก์ • ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ

Table 6 Design parameters of the 1:2 traveling-wave power combiner and measured parameters of its fabricated sample

Parameter

Value (mm)

Design

Measured

$p_{x}$

4.2

3.7

$p_{y}$

20.3

19.8

$p_{post}$

1.9

1.9

$p_{w\in dow}$

2.5

2.5

$W_{1}$

19.5

19

$W_{2}$

21

20.3

$L_{1}$

44.1

42.2

$L_{2}$

82.1

80.1

$l_{total}$

89.1

88.5

$w_{total}$

49.5

49.3

ํ‘œ 6์€ ์ „์žํŒŒ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๊ฐ’๊ณผ ์‹ค์ œ 3์ฐจ์› ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ…์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์˜ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๊ฐ’์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. $p_{x}$, $p_{y}$, $W_{1}$, $W_{2}$์€ ์•ฝ 0.5~0.7 mm์˜ ์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ $L_{1}$, $L_{2}$๋Š” ์•ฝ 2 mm์˜ ์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์˜ค์ฐจ๋Š” 3์ฐจ์› ํ”„๋ฆฐํ„ฐ๋กœ ์ธ์‡„๋œ ์ž‰ํฌ๋ฅผ 160โ„ƒ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์—ด๋กœ ๊ฐ€์—ดํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฝํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ ˆ์ง„ ๊ธฐํŒ์ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋ณ„๋กœ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์ถ•๊ณผ ํŒฝ์ฐฝ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 18์€ 3์žฅ์—์„œ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ TRL ๋ณด์ • ์†Œ์ž๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. TRL ๋ณด์ • ์†Œ์ž๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ปค๋„ฅํ„ฐ ๋ฐ ์ฒœ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์†์‹ค์„ ์†์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋””์ž„๋ฒ ๋”ฉ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ์ง„ํ–‰ํŒŒ ์ „๋ ฅํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ธฐ ์ž์ฒด์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ ๋น„์œจ์„ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 7 GHz์—์„œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ S21 ๋ฐ S31์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๏ผ3.70 dB, ๏ผ3.76 dB์ด๋ฉฐ S11์€ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์—ญ์—์„œ ๏ผ20 dB ์ดํ•˜๋ฅผ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ธก์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ S21๊ณผ S31์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๏ผ3.79 dB, ๏ผ3.71 dB ์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ S11์€ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์—ญ๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์ข์€ ๋Œ€์—ญ์—์„œ ๏ผ20 dB๋ฅผ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 19๋Š” ์ œ์ž‘๋œ 1:2 ์ง„ํ–‰ํŒŒ ์ „๋ ฅํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ธฐ์˜ ์‚ฝ์ž… ์†์‹ค ๋ฐ ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ํšจ์œจ์„ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 7 GHz์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ์†์‹ค์ด ๊ณ ๋ ค๋œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์ƒ ์‚ฝ์ž… ์†์‹ค์€ ์•ฝ 0.63 dB, ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ํšจ์œจ์€ ์•ฝ 86.6%์ด๋ฉฐ, TRL ๋ณด์ • ์†Œ์ž๋กœ ์ธก์ •๋œ ์‚ฝ์ž… ์†์‹ค์€ ์•ฝ 0.66 dB, ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ํšจ์œจ์€ ์•ฝ 86.1%์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 18 ์ œ์ž‘๋œ 1:2 ์ง„ํ–‰ํŒŒ ์ „๋ ฅํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ธฐ์˜ TRL ๋ณด์ • ํ›„์˜ S ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ธก์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

Fig. 18 Measured S parameter results of the 1:2 traveling-wave power combiner after TRL calibration

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.8.1188/fig18.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 19 ์ œ์ž‘๋œ 1:2 ์ง„ํ–‰ํŒŒ ์ „๋ ฅํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ธฐ์˜ ์‚ฝ์ž… ์†์‹ค ๋ฐ ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ํšจ์œจ

Fig. 19 Insertion loss and power combining efficiency of the fabricated 1:2 traveling- wave power combiner

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.8.1188/fig19.png

ํ‘œ 7์€ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ PHMLIN, PHMLIN-PHSIW ์ฒœ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ, PHSIW๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•œ 1:2 ์ง„ํ–‰ํŒŒ ์ „๋ ฅํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ธฐ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ฒœ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์ง„ํ–‰ํŒŒ ์ „๋ ฅํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(15,16). ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ (15)์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด, ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ๋™์ž‘ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€์—ญ์ด ๋‚ฎ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธฐํŒ ์œ ์ „์ฒด์˜ ์†์‹ค ํƒ„์  ํŠธ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์†์‹ค ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ (16)๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€์—ญ์ด ๋†’์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •ํ•ฉ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์†์‹ค ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  8% ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ํšจ์œจ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ž„์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์  ๋นˆ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์œ ์ „์ฒด ์ž์ฒด์˜ ์†์‹ค ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ €๊ฐ์‹œ์ผฐ๊ณ , ์ฒœ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์ •ํ•ฉ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค.

ํ‘œ 7 ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ 3์ฐจ์› ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ… ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ 1:2 ์ง„ํ–‰ํŒŒ ์ „๋ ฅํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ ์ง„ํ–‰ํŒŒ ์ „๋ ฅํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ต

Table 7 Performance comparison of the proposed 1:2 traveling-wave power combiner using 3D printing and previously published traveling-wave power combiners

This work

Ref. [15]

Ref. [16]

Configuration

Traveling-

wave

Traveling-

wave

Traveling-

wave

Transmission

PHSIW

HSIW

SIW

Dividing ratio

1:2

1:3

1:2

Frequency

[GHz]

6.5~7.5

13.5~14.5

2~3.5

Return loss [dB]

โ‰ฅ 18

โ‰ฅ 21

โ‰ฅ 14.3

Insertion loss [dB]

โ‰ค 0.87

โ‰ค 0.6

โ‰ค 1.3

Power combining efficiency [%]

82.1~87.9

87.1~88.3

74*

Substrate

Resin

Rogers 4003

Rogers 4360

tanฮด

0.015

@ 7 GHz

0.0027

@ 10 GHz

0.0038

@ 10 GHz

Thickness [mm]

1

0.305

0.305

* Estimated from the photograph of the fabricated sample

5. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” 3์ฐจ์› ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ… ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ €์†์‹ค ์ „์†ก ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์œ ํšจ ์œ ์ „์œจ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์  ๋นˆ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์ „์†ก์„ ๋กœ, ์ฒœ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ, ๊ธฐํŒ ์ง‘์  ๋„ํŒŒ๊ด€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์ „์†ก์„ ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•œ 1:2 ์ง„ํ–‰ํŒŒ ์ „๋ ฅํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ ์ง„ํ–‰ํŒŒ ์ „๋ ฅํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ธฐ๋“ค๊ณผ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 3์ฐจ์› ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ…์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ๋ ˆ์ง„ ๊ธฐํŒ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ณ ์ฃผํŒŒ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ 3์ฐจ์› ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ… ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ดˆ๊ณ ์ฃผํŒŒ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹๊ณผ 3์ฐจ์› ์ „์žํŒŒ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์ด ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์œ ํšจํ•จ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” 10 GHz ์ด๋‚ด์˜ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฐฉ์‹ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ธฐํŒ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์†์‹ค ํŠน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด Ku-๋Œ€์—ญ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐํŒ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ PHMLIN-PHSIW ์ฒœ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์ฒœ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋‹น ์•ฝ 0.2 dB์˜ ์‚ฝ์ž… ์†์‹ค์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ 1:2 ์ง„ํ–‰ํŒŒ ์ „๋ ฅํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ธฐ๋Š” 82.1~87.9%์˜ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ํšจ์œจ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ 3์ฐจ์› ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ… ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ดˆ๊ณ ์ฃผํŒŒ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์ œ์ž‘ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋น„์šฉ ์ ˆ๊ฐ์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹คํ’ˆ์ข… ์†Œ๋Ÿ‰ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์ดˆ๊ณ ์ฃผํŒŒ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

Acknowledgements

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์ €์ž์†Œ๊ฐœ

ํ•œ์„ฑํฌ(Seong-Hee Han)
../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.8.1188/au1.png

He received the B.S. degree in Radio Science and Engineering from Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea, in 2021.

He is currently a M.S. student.

His research interests include 3D printing techniques and their applications to microwave devices and components.

์„ฑํ•˜์šฑ(Ha-Wuk Sung)
../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.8.1188/au2.png

He received the B.S. degree in Radio Science and Engineering from Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea, in 2020.

He is currently a M.S. student.

His research interests include GaN HEMT power amplifier MMIC and low noise amplifier MMIC.

๊น€๋™์šฑ(Dong-Wook Kim)
../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.8.1188/au3.png

He received the B.S. degree in electronic communications from Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea, in 1990, and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea, in 1992 and 1996, respectively.

In 1996, he joined the LG Electronics Research Center, where he developed high power devices and monolithic microwave integrated circuits until 2000.

From 2000 to 2002, he led research teams and developed RF integrated passive devices on a thick oxidized Si substrate as a director of the research center in Telephus Inc.

From 2002 to 2004, he was involved with the development of wireless security systems in S1 Corporation, a company of Samsung Group.

In 2004, he joined the faculty of Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea and is with it.

He is currently a director of Research Center of Radio Science and Electrical Engineering.

His research interests are monolithic microwave integrated circuits and their applications, short range radar modules, and ultra wideband circuits and systems.