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  1. (Dept. of Mechatronics Engineering, Kyungsung University, Korea)
  2. (Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Tongmyong University, Korea)



Hybrid power system, Piezoelectric energy harvesting, Photovoltaic generation, Road application

1. ์„œ ๋ก 

ํ™”์„์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝํŒŒ๊ดด ๋ฐ ์ง€๊ตฌ ์˜จ๋‚œํ™” ๊ฐ€์†์œผ๋กœ ์˜จ์‹ค๊ฐ€์Šค ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์›์„ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์›์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์‚ฐ์—…์‚ฌํšŒ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์€ ์ €ํšจ์œจ ํ™”์„์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์—์„œ ๊ณ ํšจ์œจ, ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์‚ฐ์—…์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ „ํ™˜์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ˆ˜์š” ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์ฒด๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์‹ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋น„์œจ์„ 2030๋…„ 20[%] ์ด์ƒ ํ™•๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ์ถ”์ง„ ์ค‘์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์‹ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์ธ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ํŒจ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ํ™•๋Œ€ยท๋ณด๊ธ‰์ด ์ง€์†ํ•ด์„œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ ยท๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ์ œ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™•๋Œ€ ๋ฐ ๋ณด๊ธ‰์— ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด ์‹ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ ยท๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ์ œ์•ฝ์ด ์ ๊ณ  ๋‚ ์”จ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ณ  ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ œ3์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค(1-3).

์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ œ3์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ค‘ ์••์ „์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ•˜๋ฒ ์ŠคํŒ… ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์ž์—ฐ ๋˜๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๋ฒ„๋ ค์ง€๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ์ง„๋™ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ „๊ธฐ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ €์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋…๋ฆฝ์ „์› ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ์จ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์›์„ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฐœ์ „ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ œ์ž‘๋น„ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ง€๋น„๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ €๋ ดํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฉด์  ๋Œ€๋น„ ๋†’์€ ๋ฐœ์ „ ํšจ์œจ ํŠน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์†Œํ˜•ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ ยท๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ์ œ์•ฝ์ด ์ ์–ด ์„ค์น˜๋น„์šฉ ํšŒ์ˆ˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด ์งง์€ ํŠน์ง•์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค(4).

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” IT ์œตํ•ฉ U-Eco ๋„๋กœ ์กฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์—ญํ•  ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์กด ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ ยท๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ์ œ์•ฝ์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ณ  ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ œ3์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ธ ์••์ „์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ•˜๋ฒ ์ŠคํŒ… ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ํ˜• ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋„๋กœ ๋‚ด ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ ๋ฐ ์ง„๋™์— ์˜ํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐ ํ™œ์šฉ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” kW๊ธ‰ ๋งคํฌ๋กœ ์••์ „์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ•˜๋ฒ ์ŠคํŒ… ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์••์ „์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ•˜๋ฒ ์ŠคํŒ… ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์„ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒํ˜ธ ๋ณด์™„์  ์—ญํ•  ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํšจ์œจ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™˜์žฅ์น˜ ๋ฐ ์ „๋ ฅ์ œ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค.

๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘๋ฐœ์ „ ๋ฐ ์••์ „์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ•˜๋ฒ ์ŠคํŒ… ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์ „์›์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ Matlab-Simulink๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™˜์žฅ์น˜ ๋ฐ ์ „๋ ฅ์ œ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ๋ฒ ๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค.

2. ๋งคํฌ๋กœ ์••์ „์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ•˜๋ฒ ์ŠคํŒ… ๋ชจ๋“ˆ ์ œ์ž‘

์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ํ†ตํ–‰์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์••๋ ฅ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ตœ์  ์ „๋‹ฌ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๋งคํฌ๋กœ ์••์ „์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ•˜๋ฒ ์ŠคํŒ… ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์€ ๋‚ดยท์™ธ๋ถ€๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋ถ€์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ํšŒ๋กœ๋ถ€๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1์€ ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ถ€๋ถ„, ํ•˜๋ถ€์™€ ์ƒ๋ถ€ ํ•˜์šฐ์ง• ๋ฐ ์ผ€์ด์‹ฑ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ๋ณต๊ท€์Šคํ”„๋ง ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๋งคํฌ๋กœ ์••์ „์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ•˜๋ฒ ์ŠคํŒ… ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋ถ€ ์กฐ๋ฆฝ๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2(a)๋Š” ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ์ง„์ž…์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์ง„๋™์ด ์••์ „์†Œ์ž์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ „๊ธฐ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ธ์žฅ๊ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š„ ์žฌ์งˆ์˜ ๋งคํฌ๋กœ ์••์ „์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ•˜๋ฒ ์ŠคํŒ… ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋ถ€ ์™ธ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2(b)๋Š” ์••์ „ ์†Œ์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ์ •๋ฅ˜ํšŒ๋กœ ๋ฐ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ง/ํ•˜๋ฒ ์ŠคํŒ…์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ํšŒ๋กœ๋“ค๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๋งคํฌ๋กœ ์••์ „์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ•˜๋ฒ ์ŠคํŒ… ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ด๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1 ๋งคํฌ๋กœ ์••์ „์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ•˜๋ฒ ์ŠคํŒ… ๋ชจ๋“ˆ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋ถ€์˜ ์กฐ๋ฆฝ๋„

Fig. 1 Assembly diagram of Macro piezoelectric energy harvesting module instrument part

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.9.1413/fig1.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2 ๋งคํฌ๋กœ ์••์ „์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ•˜๋ฒ ์ŠคํŒ… ๋ชจ๋“ˆ

Fig. 2 Macro piezoelectric energy harvesting module

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.9.1413/fig2.png

3. ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™˜์žฅ์น˜ ๋ฐ ์ „๋ ฅ์ œ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜

3.1 ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™˜์žฅ์น˜

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™˜์žฅ์น˜๋Š” ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „์›์œผ๋กœ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘๊ณผ ์••์ „์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ•˜๋ฒ ์ŠคํŒ… ๋ชจ๋“ˆ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋‹จ์€ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ DC-AC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ๋ชจ์„ (grid power)์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ์žฅ์น˜๋Š” DC-DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๋˜ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ถฉ์ „ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์ œ์–ด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•œ๋‹ค.

๋˜ํ•œ, 2๊ฐœ์˜ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „์›(ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘๋ฐœ์ „ ๋ฐ ์••์ „์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ•˜๋ฒ ์ŠคํŒ… ๋ชจ๋“ˆ)์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ 3๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™˜์žฅ์น˜์™€ ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ์ถฉ์ „ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ถฉ์ „ํšŒ๋กœ์—์„œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™˜์žฅ์น˜๋Š” ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „์••์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ DC-AC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ „์••์„ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „์•• ๋ฐ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์ž‘๋งŒ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ, ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘๊ณผ ์••์ „์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ•˜๋ฒ ์ŠคํŒ… ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์˜ ์ž…๋ ฅ์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ตœ๋Œ€์ „๋ ฅ ์ถ”์ข…์ ๋„ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด ๊ฐ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์ž˜ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹จ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™˜์žฅ์น˜๋กœ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ถฉ์ „ ๋ฐ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™˜์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋กœ ํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ์žฅ์ ์ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฐ ์ž…๋ ฅ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋‹จ์ ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘๊ณผ ์••์ „์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ•˜๋ฒ ์ŠคํŒ… ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ „์••์ ๋งŒ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™˜์žฅ์น˜๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์ „์›์˜ ์ „์•• ๋ฆฌํ”Œ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ปค์ง€๋Š” ๋‹จ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™˜์žฅ์น˜์™€ ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ถฉ์ „ํšŒ๋กœ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋กœ ๊ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฅ์ ์ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋‹จ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค(5,6).

๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์žฅ์ ๊ณผ ๋‹จ์ ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ถฉ์ „ํšŒ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ ์— ๊ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์ž…๋ ฅ์— ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™˜์žฅ์น˜๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „์›์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์ œ์–ด ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ๊ตฌํ˜„๋˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3 ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™˜์žฅ์น˜

Fig. 3 Power conversion equipment

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๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3์—์„œ ๊ฐ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™˜์žฅ์น˜๋Š” ์ž…๋ ฅ๋‹จ์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „์›(ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘ ๋ฐ ์••์ „์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ•˜๋ฒ ์ŠคํŒ… ๋ชจ๋“ˆ)์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ „๋ ฅ์ถ”์ข…์ œ์–ด(MPPT, Maximum Power Point Tracking)๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ , ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋‹จ์— ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ๋กœ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „์•• ๋ฐ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™˜์žฅ์น˜์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋˜ ์ž…๋ ฅ๋‹จ์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์›์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™˜์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ œ์–ด๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „์••์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€๋™ํ•  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „์••์ด ์ž…๋ ฅ์ „์••๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ์ž…๋ ฅ์ „์••์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฒ…-๋ถ€์ŠคํŠธ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ œ์–ด๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ถฉ์ „ ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ „๋ ฅ ์ถ”์ข…์ œ์–ด ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ถฉ์ „ ์ œ์–ด๋ชจ๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4 ๋ฒ…-๋ถ€์ŠคํŠธ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ

Fig. 4 Buck-Boost converter

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3.2 ์ „๋ ฅ์ œ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜

์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘๊ณผ ์••์ „์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ•˜๋ฒ ์ŠคํŒ… ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์˜ ์ „์••-์ „๋ฅ˜ ํŠน์„ฑ ๊ณก์„ ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ „๋ ฅ ์ถ”์ข…์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ „์••๊ณผ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฐ ์ „์••-์ „๋ฅ˜ ํŠน์„ฑ ๊ณก์„ ์—์„œ ์ „์••์˜ ์ตœ๊ณ ์ ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ „์••์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œ์ผœ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ „๋ ฅ์ ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ์–ด๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค.

์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „์•• ๋ฐ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ˆœ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€๊ฐ’์„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ œ์–ด๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ œ์–ด๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ๊ตฌํ˜„๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ถฉยท๋ฐฉ์ „ ๊ณก์„ ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ถฉ์ „์ƒํƒœ์™€ ๋ฐฉ์ „์ƒํƒœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ „์•• ๋ณ€๋™์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ „์••์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ œ์–ด(๊ธ‰์†์ถฉ์ „) ๋ฐ ์ •์ „์•• ์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ์ „ ๋ชจ๋“œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๋ฐฉ์ „์ ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ฒ”์œ„์—์„œ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ถฉ์ „ ๋ชจ๋“œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์— ์ถฉ์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ „์••์ด ์ธ๊ฐ€๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ์ œํ•œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5 ์ „๋ ฅ์ œ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜

Fig. 5 Power control algorithm

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๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5๋Š” ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ์ „๋ ฅ์ œ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ ์ œ์–ด๋ชจ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ถฉ์ „ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ „์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฒ ํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ „์•• ๊ณก์„ ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ์ž…๋ ฅ์ „์••(๋ถ‰์€์ƒ‰ ์ ์„ )๊ณผ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „์••์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋ฒ… ๋ชจ๋“œ๋กœ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „์••์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋ถ€์ŠคํŠธ ๋ชจ๋“œ๋กœ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค.

๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ ์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€์ „๋ ฅ ์ถ”์ข…์ œ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ , ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ์ „ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ „์•• ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ •์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ œ์–ด๋ชจ๋“œ์™€ ์ •์ „์•• ์ œ์–ด๋ชจ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์ ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค.

์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์ „๋ ฅ์ œ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ์ „๋ ฅ์›์˜ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ƒํƒœ์™€ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ ๋ฐ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ œ์–ด๋ชจ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€๋™ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค.

4. ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ฐ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

4.1 ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™˜์žฅ์น˜ ๋ฐ ์ „๋ ฅ์ œ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด Matlab-Simulink๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6 ๋ฐ 7๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8์€ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ถฉ์ „์‹œ, ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ •์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ œ์–ด๋ชจ๋“œ์™€ ์ •์ „์•• ์ œ์–ด๋ชจ๋“œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9๋Š” ๋‹จ๋… ์ „์› ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์ „๋ ฅ์ œ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6 ์ „๋ ฅ์ œ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ

Fig. 6 Simulation model of power control algorithm

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.9.1413/fig6.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7 ๋ฒ…-๋ถ€์ŠคํŠธ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ

Fig. 7 Simulation model of buck-boost converter

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.9.1413/fig7.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8 ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ถฉ์ „ ๋ชจ๋“œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

Fig. 8 Simulation results of battery charging mode

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๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9(a)์—์„œ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘ ๋‹จ๋… ๋ฐœ์ „ ์‹œ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™˜์žฅ์น˜์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜ $i_{load}$๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ถฉ์ „๋˜๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ, $i_{load}$๋Š” 1[A]๋กœ ์ •์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ œ์–ด๋ชจ๋“œ๋กœ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9(b)๋Š” ์••์ „์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ•˜๋ฒ ์ŠคํŒ… ๋ชจ๋“ˆ ๋‹จ๋… ๋ฐœ์ „ ์‹œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ์„œ ์ด๋•Œ ์••์ „ ํ•˜๋ฒ ์ŠคํŒ… ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์˜ ์ „์••์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ $i_{load}$๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋ณ€๋˜์–ด ์ตœ๋Œ€์ „๋ ฅ ์ถ”์ข…์ œ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘ ๋ฐ ์••์ „์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ•˜๋ฒ ์ŠคํŒ… ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „ ์ „์••์ด ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™˜์žฅ์น˜์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „์•• $V_{bat}$๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž‘์œผ๋ฉด ๋ถ€์ŠคํŠธ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ๋ชจ๋“œ๋ฅผ, ์ด์™€ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฒ… ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ๋ชจ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ ๋“€ํ‹ฐ๋น„ $d_{bu1,\:2}$์™€ $d_{bs1,\:2}$์—์„œ ํ™•์ธ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9 ์ „๋ ฅ์ œ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ(๋‹จ๋… ๋ฐœ์ „)

Fig. 9 Simulation results of power control algorithm(single-source inputs)

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๊ทธ๋ฆผ 10 ์ „๋ ฅ์ œ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ(์—ฐ๊ณ„ ๋ฐœ์ „)

Fig. 10 Simulation results of power control algorithm(multi-source inputs)

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๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 10์€ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ ์••์ „์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ•˜๋ฒ ์ŠคํŒ… ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์„ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐœ์ „ ์‹œ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์ „๋ ฅ์ œ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋•Œ ๊ฐ ๋ฐœ์ „ ์ „์••์ด ๊ฐ€๋ณ€ํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

4.2 ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ์ „์ฒด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 11๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ๋ฒ ๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹คํ—˜์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์›์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 250W ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ๊ณผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ์••์ „์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ•˜๋ฒ ์ŠคํŒ… ๋ชจ๋“ˆ ๋ฐ 24V ๋ฆฌ๋“-ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 11๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „๋ ฅ์›์— ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ๋ฒ…-๋ถ€์ŠคํŠธ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์ „์›๊ณผ๋Š” DC-AC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐœ์ „๋œ ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์ „์›๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋˜๋„๋ก ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹คํ—˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 12๋Š” ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ๋ฒ ๋“œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ„ํ†ต๋„์ด๋ฉฐ, ์‹คํ—˜์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ๊ณผ ์••์ „์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ•˜๋ฒ ์ŠคํŒ… ๋ชจ๋“ˆ ๋ฐ ๋ฒ…-๋ถ€์ŠคํŠธ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์„ธ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ์–‘์€ ํ‘œ 1๊ณผ ํ‘œ 2 ๋ฐ ํ‘œ 3๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

ํ‘œ 1 ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ ์‚ฌ์–‘

Table 1 Spec. of photovoltaic module

Parameter

Value

[Unit]

Parameter

Value

[Unit]

Max. Power

250[W]

Size

1480x1000[mm]

Max. Voltage

27.8[V]

Open Voltage

34.7[V]

Max. Current

9.0[A]

Short Current

9.48[A]

ํ‘œ 2 ์••์ „์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ•˜๋ฒ ์ŠคํŒ… ๋ชจ๋“ˆ ์‚ฌ์–‘

Table 2 Spec. of piezoelectric energy harvesting

Parameter

Value

[Unit]

Parameter

Value

[Unit]

Voltage

0~60[V]

Output current

0~20[mA]

Resonance

<100[ฮฉ]

Capacitance

485~515[nF]

ํ‘œ 3 ๋ฒ…-๋ถ€์ŠคํŠธ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ์–‘

Table 3 Spec. of buck-boost converter

Parameter

Value

[Unit]

Parameter

Value

[Unit]

Input Voltage

8~60[V]

Output Voltage

24[V]

Input Current

0~10[A]

Output Current

0~10[A]

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 11 ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ๋ฒ ๋“œ

Fig. 11 Test-bed

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.9.1413/fig11.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 13(a)๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ๋ฒ…-๋ถ€์ŠคํŠธ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์— ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „์›๋งŒ์ด ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „์••์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „์••๊ณผ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ถฉ์ „์ „์•• ๋ฐ ์ถฉ์ „์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ, ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜ $I_{load}$๋Š” ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์ž…๋ ฅ๋‹จ ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ๋‹จ๋…์—์„œ ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ๋กœ ํˆฌ์ž…๋˜๋ฉด ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ถฉ์ „์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ถฉ์ „ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋Œ์ž…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 12 ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ๋ฒ ๋“œ์˜ ๊ณ„ํ†ต๋„

Fig. 12 System diagram of the Test-bed

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๊ทธ๋ฆผ 13(b)์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ ์ „๋ ฅ์›์ด ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์••์ „์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ•˜๋ฒ ์ŠคํŒ… ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์˜ ์ž…๋ ฅ์ด ์ƒ์Šน ๋˜๋Š” ํ•˜๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๊ฐ ์ œ์–ด๋ชจ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€๋™ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์–ด๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 13 ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ๋ฒ…-๋ถ€์ŠคํŠธ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

Fig. 13 Experimental results of buck-boost converter

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๊ทธ๋ฆผ 14๋Š” ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์ „๋ ฅ์ œ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 14(a)์˜ โ‘ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‹จ๋… ๋ฐœ์ „์ผ ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ 7.5[A]์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 14(b)์˜ โ‘ก์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ๋ฐœ์ „ ์‹œ์—๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ 3.5[A]๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

์ด๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋ฐœ์ „ ์‹œ์—๋Š” ๋‹จ๋…๋ฐœ์ „ ์‹œ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ 4[A]๋งŒํผ ๋ฐฉ์ „์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋‹จ๋… ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ๋ฐœ์ „์—์„œ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜ $I_{"\in "1}$๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ฐ™์œผ๋‚˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ๋ฐœ์ „ ์‹œ์—๋Š” ๋˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ „์›์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋œ ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์ „์›์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 14 ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ์ „๋ ฅ์ œ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

Fig. 14 Experimental results of power control algorithm

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.9.1413/fig14.png

5. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” IT ์œตํ•ฉ U-Eco ๋„๋กœ ์กฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์—ญํ•  ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์••์ „์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ•˜๋ฒ ์ŠคํŒ… ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ํ˜• ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฐœ์ „ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋„๋กœ ๋‚ด ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ ๋ฐ ์ง„๋™์— ์˜ํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐ ํ™œ์šฉ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” kW๊ธ‰ ๋งคํฌ๋กœ ์••์ „์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ•˜๋ฒ ์ŠคํŒ… ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์••์ „์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ•˜๋ฒ ์ŠคํŒ… ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์„ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒํ˜ธ ๋ณด์™„์  ์—ญํ•  ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํšจ์œจ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™˜์žฅ์น˜ ๋ฐ ์ „๋ ฅ์ œ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘๋ฐœ์ „ ๋ฐ ์••์ „์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ•˜๋ฒ ์ŠคํŒ… ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์ „์›์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ Matlab-Simulink๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™˜์žฅ์น˜ ๋ฐ ์ „๋ ฅ์ œ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ๋ฒ ๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜๊ณผ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘๋ฐœ์ „ ๋ฐ ์••์ „์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ•˜๋ฒ ์ŠคํŒ… ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์ „์›์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๋„๋กœ์— ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ์ž…์ฆ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ–ฅํ›„ ์‹ค์ œ ๋„๋กœ์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์šด์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ ๋ฐ ์ตœ์  ์šด์˜ ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜์„ ๋„์ถœํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ ๋œ๋‹ค.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Starting growth Technological R&D Program(S2797013)of SMBA, Korea.

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์ €์ž์†Œ๊ฐœ

์ด๋™ํฌ(Dong-Hee Lee)
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He received B.S., M.S. and PhD. degree from Pusan National University at 1996, 1998 and 2001, respectively.

During 2002 to 2005, He worked for LG-OTIS at servo R&D team.

He was invited professor of WEMPEC at 2012.

From 2005, he was professor in the department of Mechatronics Engineering of Kyungsung University.

He is committee of KIEE and KIPE.

์ตœํ˜•์ง„(Hyung-Jin Choe)
../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.9.1413/au2.png

He received the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea, in 2011 and 2014, respectively.

He worked at LG Display Co., Ltd., from 2014 to 2019.

He is currently an Associate Professor with Tongmyong University since 2019.

His research interests include the new converter topologies and soft-switching techniques.

๊น€์šฉ์šฑ(Yong-Wook Kim)
../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.9.1413/au3.png

He received his M.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from Pukyong National University, in 2013.

He is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree at Tongmyong University`s Department of Electrical Engineering.

He works as president of Korea Nice Technology Corporation.

๊น€๋™์™„(Dong-Wan Kim)
../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.9.1413/au4.png

He received his B.S. and Ph.D. degree from Pusan National University at 1987 and 1995, respectively.

From 1997 to 2017, he worked as Professor at Tongmyong University`s Department of Electrical Engineering.

He is Professional Engineer Building Electrical facilites.

He has been a representative of Daan Smart Eng. since 2018.