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  1. (Korea Electric Power Corporation(KEPCO), Research Institute, Korea.)



Distributed Energy Resource, Distribution Line Impedance, Voltage Regulation Algorithm, Active Voltage Control, Volt-Var Control

1. ์„œ ๋ก 

์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์›์ „์˜ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์  ๊ฐ์ถ•๊ณผ ์ฒญ์ •์—๋„ˆ์ง€์ธ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „ ๋น„์ค‘์„ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ œ9์ฐจ ์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ 3020 ์ดํ–‰๊ณ„ํš์— ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(1-2). 2019๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€ 6.19%์ธ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „๋Ÿ‰ ๋น„์ค‘์„ 2030๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ 20%๋กœ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•  ๊ณ„ํš์ด๋ฉฐ ํ˜„์žฌ ํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘๊ณผ ํ’๋ ฅ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, 2016๋…„ 10์›” ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œโ€˜1MW ์ดํ•˜ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์‹ ์žฌ์ƒ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์ ‘์† ๋ณด์žฅโ€™์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ฐฐ์ „๊ณ„ํ†ต์— ์ ‘์†ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰์†ํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 1 ๋ฐฐ์ „๊ณ„ํ†ต ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋œ ์‹ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ ‘์†ํ˜„ํ™ฉ

Fig. 1 Connection status of renewable energy in distribution systems

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.1.105/fig1.png

๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํ˜• ๊ณ„ํ†ต์— ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ณด๊ธ‰๋น„์œจ์ด ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์—์„œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋กœ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์ „๋ ฅ์กฐ๋ฅ˜์—์„œ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์ „๋ ฅ์ด ๊ณ„ํ†ต์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋˜๋Š” ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ฑ ์ „๋ ฅ์กฐ๋ฅ˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์—ญ์กฐ๋ฅ˜ ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์›์ด ์ ‘์†๋œ ๋ฐฐ์ „๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ์ „์••์ƒ์Šน ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์›์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ์œ„์น˜ ๋“ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ์ „์••์ƒ์Šน ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์ƒ์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ „์••์ƒ์Šน ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ ์ • ์ „์•• ๋ฒ”์œ„ ์ด๋‚ด๋กœ ์ „์••์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ OLTC(On-Load Tap Changer) ์ œ์–ด๋‚˜ ์„ ๋กœ ์ „์••์กฐ์ • ์žฅ์น˜(SVR) ์„ค์น˜ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ์ฃผ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ OLTC ์ œ์–ด๋Š” ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์„ ๋กœ ๊ฐ„ ์ „์•• ํŽธ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ„ํ†ต๊ตฌ์„ฑ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ, ์„ ๋กœ ์ „์••์กฐ์ • ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋„ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์˜ ๊ฐ„ํ—์  ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ณ€๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํ•œ ์ „์•• ๋ณ€๋™์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž‘๋™ ํšŸ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค (3). ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ๋ฐฐ์ „๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์ „์••๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์› ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™˜์žฅ์น˜์ธ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์—ญ๋ฅ  ์ œ์–ด๋‚˜ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ๊ฐ๊ด‘๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค(4-5).

ํŠนํžˆ, ํ•ด์™ธ์˜ IEEE Std. 1547-2020, EN50549-2018, CA Rules 21์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์—ฐ๊ณ„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์ง€์› ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋“ค์ด ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์ „์••๊ด€๋ฆฌ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋ฐฐ์ „๊ณ„ํ†ต์—์„œ๋„ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์ง€์› ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ์—ฐ๊ณ„๊ธฐ์ค€ ๊ฐœ์ • ๋ฐ KS ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ž‘์—…์ด ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋“ค ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์„ ๋กœ ์ „์••์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ(Volt-Var) ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ ์‚ฌ์ „์— ์ •์˜๋œ ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณก์„ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ PCC(Point of Common Coupling) ๋˜๋Š” POI(Point of Interconnection) ์ „์••์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฌดํšจ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ๋˜๋Š” ํก์ˆ˜ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์„ ๋กœ ์ „์••์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ๋“ค์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹ ์žฌ์ƒ ๋ฐœ์ „์›์˜ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋ ฅ ํ™•๋Œ€ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์  ๊ด€์ ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์–ด ์™”์œผ๋‚˜(6-7), ์ „์••ํ’ˆ์งˆ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณก์„ ์„ค์ •์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ๋ถ€์ ์ ˆํ•œ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์„ค์ •๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์  ์ „์••์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ • ์ง„๋™(Oscillation) ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ํฌ๋‹ค. ํ•ด์™ธ์—์„œ๋„ ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณก์„ ์„ค์ •์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ • ์ง„๋™(Oscillation) ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค (8-10). ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ (8-10)์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค, droop slope, PI ์ œ์–ดํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ, ์ œ์–ด ์‹ ํ˜ธ์˜ ์ง€์—ฐ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์„ค์ •์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „์••์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ • ์ง„๋™ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์ ์šฉ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ๊ณ ๋ ค๋œ ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณก์„ ์„ค์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋‚˜, ํ˜„์žฌ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ๋ฏธ๋น„ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋‹ค.

๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐฐ์ „๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ์ ์ • ์ „์••๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ์‹ ์žฌ์ƒ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋ ฅ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ ์ ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ๋™์ž‘ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜๊ณผ ์ค‘์š” ๊ณ ๋ ค ์‚ฌํ•ญ๋“ค์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ , PSCAD์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์› ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ œ์–ด ์‹ค์ฆ์‹œํ—˜์žฅ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณก์„ ์„ค์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ์‹ค์ฆ ์‹œํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, PSCAD ๋ฐ ์‹ค์ฆ ์‹œํ—˜์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋ฐฐ์ „๊ณ„ํ†ต์— ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋œ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ „๋‹จ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋‚ด ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘ ๋ฐœ์ „ ๋‹จ์ง€๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํŠน๊ณ ์•• ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์ €์•• ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ €์•• ์—ฐ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ „๋‹จ์ง€ ๋‚ด ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „ ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ด ๋ถ„ํฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณ€๋Œ€ 2์ฐจ์ธก์— ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ๊ฐ์‹œ ์ œ์–ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” Group Controller๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ•ด๋‹น ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์–ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. Group Controller๋Š” PCC์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณ€๋Œ€ 2์ฐจ์ธก ์ „์••์„ ๊ณ„์ธกํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ณ„์ธก๋œ ์ „์••์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌดํšจ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด ์ง€๋ น์น˜๋ฅผ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์— ํ• ๋‹นํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „๋‹จ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋™์ž‘์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ์ž์ฒด์˜ ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณก์„  ์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ, Group Controller์— ๋‚ด์žฅ๋œ ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ PCC ์ „์••์„ ์กฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค.

2. ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„

2.1 $f(V,\:Q)$ ํŠน์„ฑ ํ•จ์ˆ˜

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2๋Š” ๊ณ„ํ†ต์— ์ ‘์†๋œ ๋‹จ์ผ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์›์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ์ „์••/์œ„์ƒ, ์„ ๋กœ ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค, ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์›์ด ๊ณต๊ธ‰/ํก์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ๏ฝฅ๋ฌดํšจ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์  ์ „์••๊ณผ ๋ฌดํšจ ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๋ ฅ์กฐ๋ฅ˜ ํ•ด์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ณ„์ ์—์„œ์˜ ์œ ํšจ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋ฌดํšจ ์ „๋ ฅ์€ ์‹(1)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹(2)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์  ์ „์••๊ณผ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ฑ์€ ์‹(3)์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 2 ๊ณ„ํ†ต์— ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋œ ๋‹จ์ผ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ

Fig. 2 Single inverter connected to the grid

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.1.105/fig2.png

(1)
$$ \left\{\begin{array}{l} P=\frac{V^{2}}{Z} \cos \varphi-\frac{V E}{Z} \cos (\theta+\varphi) \\ Q=\frac{V^{2}}{Z} \sin \varphi-\frac{V E}{Z} \sin (\theta+\varphi) \end{array}\right. $$

(2)
$$ \left\{\begin{array}{l} \cos (\theta+\varphi)=\frac{V}{E} \cos \varphi-\frac{P Z}{V E} \\ \sin (\theta+\varphi)=\sqrt{1-\cos ^{2}(\theta+\varphi)}=\sqrt{1-\left(\frac{V}{E} \cos \varphi-\frac{P Z}{V E}\right)^{2}} \end{array}\right. $$

(3)
$$ Q=\frac{V^{2}}{Z} \sin \varphi-\frac{V E}{Z} \sqrt{1-\left(\frac{V}{E} \cos \varphi-\frac{P Z}{V E}\right)^{2}} $$

์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹(3)์„ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์›์ด ์ ‘์†๋œ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์  ์ง€์ ์—์„œ์˜ ์ „์•• ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์€ ์‹(4)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ •๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์ „์•• ํฌ๊ธฐ E, ์„ ๋กœ ์ •์ˆ˜ Z/ฯ†, ์œ ํšจ ์ „๋ ฅ P ๋ฐ ๋ฌดํšจ ์ „๋ ฅ Q์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒŒํ†ต ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋“ค์€ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์  ์ „์••์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์†Œ์ž„์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(4)
$$ V^{4}+V^{2}\left(2 P Z \cos \varphi-2 Q Z \sin \varphi-E^{2}\right)-Z^{2}\left(P^{2}-Q^{2}\right)=0 $$

๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์›์ด ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ๋˜๋Š” ํก์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌดํšจ ์ „๋ ฅ Q์™€ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์  ์ „์•• V ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹(4)์˜ ์ „์•• ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํŠน์„ฑํ•จ์ˆ˜ f(V, Q)๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•  ๋•Œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3์€ ์ž„์˜์˜ ๊ณ„ํ†ต ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑํ•จ์ˆ˜ f(V, Q) ๊ณก์„ ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ํ•ด์„์˜ ์šฉ์ด์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ „์••๊ณผ ๋ฌดํšจ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋“ค์€ ์ƒ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฌดํšจ ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์  ์ „์••์€ ํŠน์„ฑํ•จ์ˆ˜ f(V, Q) ๊ณก์„ ์ƒ์—์„œ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌดํšจ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ๋˜๋Š” ํก์ˆ˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์  ์ „์••์€ ์ „์•• ์ถ• ์ƒ์—์„œ ๋™์ž‘์ ($V_{0}$,0)์ด ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ง€์ƒ ๋ฌดํšจ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ํฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์  ์ „์••์€ f(V, Q) ๊ณก์„ ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋™์ž‘์ ์ด ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ง„์ƒ ๋ฌดํšจ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์— ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” f(V, Q) ๊ณก์„ ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์  ์ „์••์ด ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์›์ด ๋ฐฐ์ „๊ณ„ํ†ต์— ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์„ ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ณ„ํ†ต ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์  ์ „์••์˜ ์ด๋™ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํŠน์„ฑํ•จ์ˆ˜ f(V, Q) ๊ณก์„ ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋„์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 3 ํŠน์„ฑํ•จ์ˆ˜ f(V, Q) ๊ณก์„ 

Fig. 3 Characteristic f(V, Q) curve

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.1.105/fig3.png

๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ์‹ค์ œ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹ ์žฌ์ƒ ๋ฐœ์ „์›๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์œ ํšจ ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”, ์ฃผ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ํƒญ ์กฐ์ •์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ณ€์ „์†Œ ์ธ์ถœ๋ถ€์˜ ์ „์•• ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณ€๋™ ๋ฐ ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์šด์˜์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์„ ๋กœ ์ ˆ์ฒด๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์„ ๋กœ ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” f(V, Q) ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4๋Š” ์œ ํšจ ์ „๋ ฅ, ๋ณ€์ „์†Œ ์ธ์ถœ๋ถ€ ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์ „์•• ๋ฐ ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํŠน์„ฑํ•จ์ˆ˜ ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ f(V, Q) ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ์œ„์น˜ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4(a)์™€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4(b)๋Š” ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์œ ํšจ ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ๋ณ€์ „์†Œ ์ธ์ถœ๋ถ€ ์ „์••์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ f(V, Q) ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋™์ผ ์„ ๋กœ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์œ ํšจ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ด ํฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ธ์ถœ๋ถ€ ์ „์••์ด ํฐ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์  ์ „์••์€ ๋” ๋†’์•„์ง€๋ฏ€๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์  ์ „์••์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฌดํšจ ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4(c)๋Š” ์„ ๋กœ ์ ˆ์ฒด ๋“ฑ์˜ ์™ธ๋ถ€์  ์š”์ธ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ์„ ๋กœ ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ f(V, Q) ๊ณก์„  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์„ ๋กœ์˜ ์„ ์ข…์ด๋‚˜ ์„ ๋กœ๊ธธ์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ f(V, Q) ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 4 ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ณก์„ 

Fig. 4 Illustration of sensitivity to parameters

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.1.105/fig4.png

๋ฐฐ์ „๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ์ „์••๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์›์ด ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ๋˜๋Š” ํก์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์  ์ „์••์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋™์ž‘ ํŠน์„ฑ์€ f(V, Q)์™€ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ๋™์ž‘ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜๊ณผ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑํ•จ์ˆ˜ f(V, Q) ๊ณก์„ ๊ณผ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ํ•ด์„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

2.2 ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด์˜ ์•ˆ์ • ๋™์ž‘ ๋งค์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5๋Š” ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด์˜ ์•ˆ์ •ํ•œ ๋™์ž‘ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, ์ž„์˜๋กœ ์„ค์ •๋œ ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณก์„ ๊ณผ ํŠน์„ฑํ•จ์ˆ˜ f(V, Q) ๊ณก์„ ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5(a)์—์„œ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์  ์ „์••๊ณผ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ๋™์ž‘์ ์€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ง€์ ์œผ๋กœ์จ ($V_{0}$, 0)์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ „์••๊ฐ’ V0์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณก์„ ์— ์˜ํ•ด Qc1์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ง€๋ น ์น˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ง€๋ น ์น˜์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์  ์ „์••์˜ ๋™์ž‘์ ์€ f(V, Q) ๊ณก์„ ์ƒ์—์„œ Qc1์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์ „์•• ์ ์ธ V1 ์ง€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ด๋™๋œ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์  ์ „์•• V1์„ ๊ณ„์ธกํ•˜๊ณ , ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณก์„ ์—์„œ V1์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ง€๋ น์น˜ Qc2๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ง€๋ น ์น˜์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ , ์—ฐ๊ณ„์  ์ „์••์˜ ๋™์ž‘์€ Qc2์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•ด f(V, Q) ๊ณก์„ ์˜ V1 ์ง€์ ์—์„œ ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๋˜ ์ „์•• ๋™์ž‘์ ์€ V2 ์ง€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 5 ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด์˜ ์•ˆ์ • ๋™์ž‘ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜

Fig. 5 Stable operation mechanism of Volt-Var control

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.1.105/fig5.png

์œ„์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๋™์ž‘์ ์€ f(V, Q) ๊ณก์„ ์ƒ์—์„œ๋งŒ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ($V_{0}$, 0) ์ง€์ ์—์„œ ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ (Vss, Qss) ์ง€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋ ดํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ˆ˜๋ ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์ž‘์ ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋Š” f(V, Q) ๊ณก์„ ๊ณผ ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ๊ต์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋™์ž‘์ ์˜ ์ด๋™์€ ์‹(5)์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. Qcn (n=1, 2, 3โ€ฆ)์€ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ง€๋ น ์น˜์ด๋ฉฐ, Qn (n=1,2,3โ€ฆ)์€ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5(b)๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5(a)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์ •์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•ˆ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋™์ž‘์  (Vn, Qn)๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „์••๊ณผ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ฐ’์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ๋™์ž‘ ํšŸ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ณผ๋„์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ •์ƒ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋ ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋™์ž‘์ ์ด ์ •์ƒ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋ ดํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์  ์ „์•• ์ธก์ •์ฃผ๊ธฐ์— ์˜์กดํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด ๋™์ž‘ ํšŸ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณก์„ ์ด ๋™์ผํ•  ๋•Œ f(V, Q) ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง„๋‹ค.

(5)
$$ V_{0} \rightarrow \frac{Q_{C 1}\left(=Q_{1}\right) \rightarrow V_{1}}{O_{\text {perating Point 1 }}} \rightarrow \frac{Q_{C 2}\left(=Q_{2}\right) \rightarrow V_{2}}{O \text { Deratin } P \text { Point 2 }} \rightarrow \cdots \frac{Q_{C s}}{\text { Operating Point n }}\left(=Q_{s s}\right) \rightarrow V_{s s} $$

์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ ์ง€์ƒ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ํก์ˆ˜ ์‹œ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์  ์ „์••์„ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ $V_{0}$์ง€์ ์—์„œ ๋‘ ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ๊ต์ ์ธ Vss ์ง€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€๋งŒ, ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณก์„ ๊ณผ ํŠน์„ฑํ•จ์ˆ˜ f(V, Q) ๊ณก์„ ์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ •์ƒ์ƒํƒœ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์  ์ „์••์€ Vss๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ f(V, Q) ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๋Š” ์ •์  ์š”์†Œ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์  ์ „์••์„ ๋” ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ถ•์„ ์ด๋™ํ•˜์—ฌ f(V, Q)์™€์˜ ๊ต์ ์„ ์กฐ์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ์—ฐ๊ณ„์  ์ „์••์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋Š” ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์„ ๋กœ ์†์‹ค์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” Trade-off ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์•ˆ์ •ํ•œ ๋™์ž‘์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์ „์••๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์„ค์ •์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.

2.3 ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ • ๋™์ž‘ ๋งค์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6์€ ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•œ ๋™์ž‘์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „์•• ์ง„๋™ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ž„์˜๋กœ ์„ค์ •๋œ ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณก์„ ๊ณผ ํŠน์„ฑํ•จ์ˆ˜ f(V, Q) ๊ณก์„ ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6(a)์—์„œ ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋™์ž‘์€ 2.2์ ˆ๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ (V, Q) ๋™์ž‘์ ์˜ ์ด๋™์€ ๋‘ ๊ณก์„ ์ด ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋ ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ „์•• $V_{0}$๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํฐ ์ „์•• ๋™์ž‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ • ๋™์ž‘์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด (V, Q) ๋™์ž‘์ ์€ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ๋˜๋Š” ํก์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์„ค์ •๋œ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ž„๊ณ„๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ์ง„๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6(a)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ „์••๊ณผ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๋™์ž‘์ ์€ (V1, Qc1)๊ณผ ($V_{2}$, Qc2)์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋‘ ๋™์ž‘์ ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ , ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ณ„์  ์ „์••์—์„œ ์ธก์ •๋˜๋Š” ์ „์••๊ณผ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6(b)์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์ง„๋™ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 6 ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ • ๋™์ž‘ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜

Fig. 6 Unstable operation mechanism of Volt-Var control

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.1.105/fig6.png

์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ • ๋™์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ณ„์  ์ง€์ ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ง„๋™ ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณก์„ ๊ณผ f(V, Q) ๊ณก์„ ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๋Š” ํฐ dv/dt์˜ ์ „์•• ๋ณ€๋™ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ์†Œ์†, ์ „๋ ฅ ํ’ˆ์งˆ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋“ฑ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์— ์•…์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด ํŠน์„ฑ์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋œ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์  ์ „์•• ์ง„๋™์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณก์„ ์„ ์ ์ ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

2.4 ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณก์„ ๊ณผ $f(V,\:Q)$ ๊ณก์„  ๊ด€๊ณ„

์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ f(V, Q) ๊ณก์„ ์ƒ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ณ„์  ์ „์••๊ฐ’๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ’์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณก์„ ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋™์ž‘ ์›๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•ˆ์ •/๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ • ์ƒํƒœ์™€ ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋™์ผํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ์•ˆ์ • ๋™์ž‘๊ณผ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ • ๋™์ž‘์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ์™€ ํŠน์„ฑํ•จ์ˆ˜ f(V, Q) ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 7 ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณก์„  ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋™์ž‘

Fig. 7 Operation according to Volt-Var slope

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.1.105/fig7.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7(a)๋Š” ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ f(V, Q) ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ์™€ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด์˜ ๋™์ž‘ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ (V, Q)์˜ ๋™์ž‘์  ์ด๋™์€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ „์•• ์ ๊ณผ ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณก์„ ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ „์•• ์ ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด๋™๋œ ์ „์•• ๋™์ž‘์ ๋งŒ์„ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋‘ ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‘ ๋™์ž‘์ ๋งŒ์„ ์ด๋™ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋™์ž‘ ํšŸ์ˆ˜์— ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ „์•• ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Ÿ‰์€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋‚˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ ์—†์ด ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ผ์ • ํฌ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7(b)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ์„ค์ • ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ f(V, Q) ๊ณก์„  ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7(a)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด 2๊ฐœ์˜ ๋™์ผ ๋™์ž‘์ ๋งŒ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ „์••๊ณผ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋‘ ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ๊ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋ ดํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7(c)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ์„ค์ • ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ f(V, Q) ๊ณก์„  ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฐ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7(a)์˜ ๋™์ž‘์ ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์™ธ๋ถ€๋กœ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ „์••๊ณผ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฐœ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ , ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ด๋™ ๋™์ž‘์ ์€ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์ด 0์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€์ ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋•Œ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๋™์ž‘์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ง„๋™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค.

๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ์•ˆ์ • ๋™์ž‘๊ณผ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ • ๋™์ž‘์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์กฐ๊ฑด์€ ๋‘ ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ ํŠน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณก์„ ์—์„œ ์„ค์ • ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑํ•จ์ˆ˜ f(V, Q) ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ž„๊ณ„์น˜๋กœ ์‹(6)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋‚ด๋กœ ์„ค์ •๋˜์–ด์•ผ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ • ๋˜๋Š” ์ž„๊ณ„ ๋™์ž‘ ์—†์ด ์•ˆ์ •ํ•œ ์ œ์–ด ๋™์ž‘์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(6)
$$ \mid \text { Sope }\left.\right|_{\text {valt-var curue }}<\mid \text { Slope }\left.\right|_{f(V, Q)} $$

3. ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ฐ ์‹ค์ฆ์‹œํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

๋ฐœ์ „๋‹จ์ง€ ๋‚ด ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” Group Con- troller๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „๋‹จ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ฐ ์‹ค์ฆ์‹œํ—˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋‹จ์ผ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์‘๋‹ต ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ธ ์ˆ˜ ms์ดˆ ๋‚ด์˜ ๋™์ž‘์ด ์•„๋‹Œ, ํ†ต์‹ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋Œ€์˜ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ฐ ์‹œํ—˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜๊ณผ ์‹ค์ฆ์‹œํ—˜์—์„œ๋Š” ์•ž์„œ ์ด๋ก ์—์„œ ์ •์˜ํ•œ ์•ˆ์ •, ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ • ๋™์ž‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œํ—˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ๋™์ž‘ ์‹œํ—˜์—์„œ๋Š” IEEE 1547-2018์—์„œ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๊ณก์„ (Category B)์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ฐ ์‹œํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ • ๋™์ž‘ ์‹œํ—˜์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณ€๋™์‹œ์ผœ, Oscillation ๋ฐœ์ƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•œ๋‹ค.

3.1 ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ฐ ์‹ค์ฆ์‹œํ—˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ

์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜๊ณผ ์‹ค์ฆ์‹œํ—˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋„๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ฆ ํ˜„์žฅ์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ 2๊ฐœ๋กœ e-WSN ํ†ต์‹  ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ 80kW ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์™€ LoRa ํ†ต์‹  ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ 35kW ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์„  ํ†ต์‹  ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณ€๋Œ€์ฃผ์— ์„ค์น˜๋œ Group Controller๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋œ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ นํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋œ ์‹œํ—˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์„ ๋กœ์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ณ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ์ง€์ ์— ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค ๋ชจ์˜์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค ๋ชจ์˜์žฅ์น˜ Tap ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์€ ์ „์ฒด Tap์€ ์ด 7๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ 0, 0.5, 1, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, 2km๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8(a)๋Š” ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘ ์‹ค์ฆ์‹œํ—˜์žฅ์˜ ๊ณ„ํ†ต ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋„๋ฅผ ๋„์‹ํ™”ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ๊ณผ ์‹ค์ œ ์„ค์น˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. (b), (c)๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ์„ค์น˜๋œ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์  ์ „์••($V_{pcc}$)์„ ๊ณ„์ธกํ•˜๋Š” DEWETRON ์žฅ๋น„ ์„ค์น˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•œ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ(16.67ms)์˜ rms๊ฐ’์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์œ ๏ฝฅ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์  ์ „์••์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜๊ณผ ์‹ค์ฆ์‹œํ—˜์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋Š” e-WSN ํ†ต์‹ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ 80kW site์˜ ๋ง๋‹จ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ 1๋ฒˆ๊ณผ 2๋ฒˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋Œ€์˜ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ๊ณ„๋Ÿ‰๊ธฐ์— Group Controller๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์  ์ „์••์„ ๊ณ„์ธกํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ณ„์ธก๋œ ์ „์••์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ฐ’์„ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ๋‘ ๋Œ€์— ์ง€๋ นํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋™์ž‘์‹œ์ผœ ์‹œํ—˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 8 ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘ ์‹ค์ฆ์‹œํ—˜์žฅ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋„

Fig. 8 Configuration of photovoltaic Test-Bed

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.1.105/fig8.png

ํ‘œ 1์€ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์ „๊ณ„ํ†ต ์„ ๋กœ ์„ ์ข…์€ OW-60$mm^{2}$์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค ๋ชจ์˜์žฅ์น˜ 2km๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ „์••์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

ํ‘œ 1. ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ

Table 1. System parameters

Parameter

Symbol

Value

๋น„๊ณ 

Apparent Power

Srated

25[kVA]

Rated Power

Prated

20 [kW]

Grid Voltage

Erated

380 [V]

Line

Impedance

R

R_line

0.217[ฮฉ]

OW-60mm2

-R=0.31[ฮฉ/km]

-X=0.445[ฮฉ/km]

X

X_line

0.3115[ฮฉ]

Line

Simulator

R

Rline_sim

0.62[ฮฉ]

-R=0.31[ฮฉ/km]

-X=0.614[ฮฉ/km]

X

Xline_sim

1.228[ฮฉ]

3.2 PSCAD ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

PSCAD์—์„œ๋„ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘ ์‹ค์ฆ์‹œํ—˜์žฅ๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Group Controller๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์  ์ „์••์„ ๊ณ„์ธกํ•˜๊ณ , ์•ž์„œ ์ •์˜ํ•œ ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณก์„ ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌดํšจ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ฐ’์„ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์— ์ง€๋ นํ•˜๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ์–ด ์ง€๋ น์˜ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์‹ค์ฆ์—์„œ์˜ ํ†ต์‹  ์ง€์—ฐ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ 2์ดˆ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์„ค์ •๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „๋Ÿ‰์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9๋Š” ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด์˜ ์ •์ƒ ๋™์ž‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ PSCAD ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. 2์žฅ์—์„œ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ $f(V,\:Q)$์™€ ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ๊ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋ ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋™์ž‘์„ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์€ 70%๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ „์••์€ 1.071 p.u๊นŒ์ง€ ์ƒ์Šนํ•จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•ฝ 12์ดˆ์—์„œ ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํก์ˆ˜๋œ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ „์••์ด 1.047 p.u๋กœ ์ค„์–ด๋“ฆ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด ์‹œ์ž‘ ํ›„, ๊ต์  ์ „์••์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋ ดํ•˜๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ์•ฝ 85์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์š”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 9 ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด ์ •์ƒ ๋™์ž‘ PSCAD ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

Fig. 9 PSCAD simulation result of Volt-Var stable operation

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.1.105/fig9.png

๋‹ค์Œ์€ ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ • ๋™์ž‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ PSCAD ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 10๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹œํ—˜์€ ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ํ‘œ 2์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด 4๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ ์ง„๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 10 Volt-Var ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ • ๋™์ž‘ PSCAD ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

Fig. 10 PSCAD simulation results of Volt-Var unstable operation

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.1.105/fig10.png

ํ‘œ 2. ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ณ„ ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณก์„  ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ

Table 2. Volt-Var curve slope by scenario

Setting

Slope

Stability

$f(V,\:Q)$ with Table I parameter

(P=0.8[P.U])

7.89

-

์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค

โ‘ 

IEEE 1547 2020 Category B

V3=1.02[p.u],

Q3=0[%]

V4=1.08[p.u],

Q4=0[%]

7.33

Stable

(|Slope|VV < |Slope|f(V, Q))

โ‘ก

V3=1.02[p.u],

Q3=0[%]

V4=1.06[p.u],

Q4=0[%]

11

Oscillation

(|Slope|VV > |Slope|f(V, Q))

โ‘ข

V3=1.02[p.u],

Q3=0[%]

V4=1.07[p.u],

Q4=0[%]

8.8

โ‘ฃ

V3=1.02[p.u],

Q3=0[%]

V4=1.08[p.u],

Q4=0[%]

7.33

Stable

(|Slope|VV < |Slope|f(V, Q))

ํ‘œ 1์—์„œ ํ‘œ๊ธฐ๋œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋„์ถœ๋œ f(V, Q) ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๋Š” 7.89์ด๋ฉฐ, ์‹(6)์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ ์•ˆ์ •ํ•œ ๋™์ž‘์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ • ๋™์ž‘์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ์„ค์ • ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์—์„œ ์ „์••๊ฐ’ $V_{4}$๋ฅผ 1.07[p.u], 1.06[p.u]๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๋Š” 7.33์—์„œ 8.8, 11๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „์••์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค โ‘ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ 7.33์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ๋™์ž‘์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ „์••์ธ 1.049 p.u์—์„œ ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด ํ›„, 1.035 p.u๊นŒ์ง€ ์กฐ์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, 2์ดˆ๋กœ ์„ค์ •๋œ ์ œ์–ด ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ˆ˜๋ ด ์ „์••๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ์•ˆ์ •ํ™” ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์•ฝ 20์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์š”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค โ‘ก์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ 11๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ, Oscillation ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ๋™์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋ ด ์ „์••๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ๋™์ž‘ ํ›„, ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ง„ํญ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์•ฝ 0 โ†” 30% ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜๋ฉฐ Oscillation์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค โ‘ข์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ 8.8๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค โ‘ก์˜ ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ž‘์ง€๋งŒ, $f(V,\:Q)$์˜ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ง„ํญ์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“  Oscillation ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค โ‘ฃ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ โ‘ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์ž‘ํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

PSCAD ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด 2.1์ ˆ์—์„œ ์ •์˜ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœํ•œ ์‹ค์ฆ์‹œํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ๋™์ž‘์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•œ๋‹ค.

3.3 ์‹ค์ฆ์‹œํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 11์€ ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด์˜ ์ •์ƒ ๋™์ž‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ค์ฆ์‹œํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด๋‹ค. ์œ ํšจ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์€ ์•ฝ 65% ๋ฐœ์ „์ด ์œ ์ง€๋˜๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์‹œํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์œ ํšจ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ด 0.65 p.u์ผ ๋•Œ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์  ์ „์••์€ 1.072 p.u๊นŒ์ง€ ์ƒ์Šนํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์Šนํ•œ ์ „์••์„ ์•ˆ์ •ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด ๊ณก์„  ๋™์ž‘ ์‹œ, ์—ฐ๊ณ„์  ์ „์••์ด 1.05 p.u๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋žต 21์ดˆ์—์„œ ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๋™์ž‘์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด ์•ˆ์ •ํ™”๊นŒ์ง€ ์•ฝ 750์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์š”๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ด์ „์˜ PSCADใ€€์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์—์„œ ์ˆ˜๋ ด๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ฝ 9๋ฐฐ ์ •๋„ ์ˆ˜๋ ด๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” Group Controller์˜ ์„ค์ •๋œ ์ œ์–ด ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณ€๋™๋˜๋ฉฐ ํ˜„์žฌ ์‹œํ—˜์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ Group Controller์˜ ์ œ์–ด ๋™์ž‘์€ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์— ์„ค์น˜๋œ ์ „์•• data๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์‹ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ „์•• data์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ๊ฐ’์„ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์— ์†ก์‹ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ, ๊ณ„๊ธฐ ์ „์•• data ์ˆ˜์‹ ์€ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋‹น 2์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์š”๋˜๊ณ  ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ง€๋ น์น˜ ์†ก์‹ ์—๋Š” ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋‹น 1์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์š”๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์‹œํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ 80kW site์—์„œ๋Š” 6๋Œ€์˜ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ์™€ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ ‘์†๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์–ด, ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ํ•œ ๋Œ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ œ์–ด ์ง€๋ น ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ 18์ดˆ๋กœ ์„ค์ •๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” PSCAD ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์„ค์ •์—์„œ ์ •์˜๋œ 2์ดˆ ์ง€๋ น ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค 9๋ฐฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๋™์ž‘์˜ ์•ˆ์ •ํ™”๊นŒ์ง€ ์•ฝ 9๋ฐฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์†Œ์š”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 11 ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ •์ƒ ๋™์ž‘ ์‹ค์ฆ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

Fig. 11 Demonstration of Volt-Var stable operation

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.1.105/fig11.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 12๋Š” ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•œ ๋™์ž‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ค์ฆ์‹œํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด๋‹ค. PSCAD ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œ์ผœ ๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์  ์ „์••์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์„ ํ™•์ธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ฆ์—์„œ๋„ ํ‘œ 2์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ด 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์‹œํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 12 Volt-Var ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ • ๋™์ž‘ ์‹ค์ฆ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

Fig. 12 Demonstration of Volt-Var unstable operation

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.1.105/fig12.png

2์žฅ์—์„œ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ ๋™์ž‘ ์›๋ฆฌ์™€ PSCAD์—์„œ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ๋“ฏ์ด ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณก์„  ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ $f(V,\:Q)$ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฐ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋ณ€๋™๋˜๋Š” ์ „์••๊ฐ’์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์  ์ „์••์˜ Oscillation ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค โ‘ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ 7.33์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ๋™์ž‘์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ „์••์ธ 1.049 p.u์—์„œ ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด ํ›„, 1.035 p.u๊นŒ์ง€ ์กฐ์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค โ‘ก์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ 11๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ, Oscillation ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ๋™์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋ ด ์ „์••๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ๋™์ž‘ ํ›„, ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ง„ํญ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์•ฝ 0 โ†” 35\% ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜๋ฉฐ Oscillation์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค โ‘ข์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ 8.8๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค โ‘ก์˜ ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ž‘์ง€๋งŒ, $f(V,\:Q)$์˜ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ง„ํญ์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“  Oscillation ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค โ‘ฃ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค โ‘ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค.

์‹ค์ฆ์‹œํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•ž์„œ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ๊ณผ PSCAD ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋™์ž‘ํ•จ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ž‘์€ $\triangle V$์—๋„ ํฐ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „์••์กฐ์ • ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์‹ค์ฆ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ๋„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋“ฏ์ด ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ ์ ˆ๋Œ“๊ฐ’์„ $f(V,\:Q)$๋ณด๋‹ค ํฐ ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด Oscillation์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์—์„œ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ „๋ ฅ ํ’ˆ์งˆ์— ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— $f(V,\:Q)$์˜ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณก์„  ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ ์„ค์ •์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.

5. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ๋™์ž‘ ์›๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ Oscillation ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ด๋ก , ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜, ์‹ค์ฆ์‹œํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณก์„ ์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ญ๋ฅ  ์ œ์–ด์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, ์—ฐ๊ณ„์  ์ „์••๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์กฐ์ •ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ์•ˆ์ •๋œ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋œ ์ง€์ ์˜ ๊ณ„ํ†ต ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ณ ์œ  $f(V,\:Q)$๊ณก์„ ์˜ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์šด์ „ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์ „์••์˜ Oscillation์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „์••ํ’ˆ์งˆ์— ์•…์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ธฐ์„ค ์ธ๋ฒ„ ํ„ฐ๋“ค์€ KSํ‘œ์ค€ ๊ฐœ์ • ์ „ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋“ค๋กœ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์ง€์›๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ธ ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฐœ์ • ์ค‘์ธ KSํ‘œ์ค€์ด ์ ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ณด๊ธ‰์ด ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜๊ณ  ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ „์•• ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด์†Œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚œ ๋ณด๊ธ‰๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ Oscillation์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ํฐ ์ „์••๋ณ€๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์ „์••ํ’ˆ์งˆ์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์•…ํ™”๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์šด์˜์ž๋Š” ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ์ง€์ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ $f(V,\:Q)$๊ณก์„  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณก์„ ์„ ์ ์ ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ผ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ๋™์ž‘ ์›๋ฆฌ์™€ Oscillation ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, ํ–ฅํ›„ ์—๋Š” ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋œ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” Oscillation ๋ฐœ์ƒ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning(KETEP) grant funded by the Korea government(MOTIE)(20193710100061, A Study on the Improvement of Grid Code and Power Market System for Renewable Energy Expansion)

References

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์ €์ž์†Œ๊ฐœ

๋งน์ฐฝ์—ฝ(Changyeop Maeng)
../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.1.105/au1.png

He received the B.S degree and M.S degree in Electrical Engineering from Kyungpook National University in 2018 and 2020.

He is a researcher of KEPCO Research Institute.

์กฐ์ข…๋ฏผ(Jongmin Jo)
../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.1.105/au2.png

He received the B.S degree, M.S degree and Ph.D in Electrical Engineering from Chungnam National University in 2015 and 2020.

He is a senior researcher of KEPCO Research Institute.

๋ช…๋…ธ๊ธธ(Nogil Myoung)
../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.1.105/au3.png

He received the B.S degree in Electrical Engineering from Chungbuk National University from 2003 and the M.S, degree in Electrical Engineering from KAIST in 2006.

He is a Principal researcher of KEPCO Research Institute.

๊น€ํ˜„์ง„(Hyeonjin Kim)
../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.1.105/au4.png

He received the B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from Konkuk University in 2014 and the M.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from Korea University in 2016.

He worked at LSIS from 2016 to 2018. Since 2018, he has worked as a researcher at the KEPCO Research Institute.

His research interest is DER integration in distribution system.

์กฐ์„ฑ์ˆ˜(Seongsoo Cho)
../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.1.105/au5.png

He received the B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from Konkuk University in 1994 and the M.S. and Ph. D. degree from Chungnam National University in 2009.

Since 1993, he has worked as a Principal researcher at the KEPCO Research Institute.

His research interests are DER integration technologies and increase of DER hosting capacity in distribution system.