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  1. (Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Gangneung-wonju National University, Korea.)



Induction Motor, Power Compensation, Power Factor, Reactive Power, Self-excitation Phenomenon

1. ์„œ ๋ก 

์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ •์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ฐ์—… ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒ์—…์šฉ ์‘์šฉ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํšŒ์ „๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์ด๋‹ค. ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ณ ์ •์ž์— 3์ƒ ์ „์›์„ ์ธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํšŒ์ „์ž๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ํšŒ์ „์ž๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์ด๋‹ค. ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ๋Š” ์œ ๋„์„ฑ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋กœ์„œ ๊ธฐ๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์—๋Š” ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์ด ๋‚ฎ๊ณ , ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์•„์ ธ์„œ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์ด ์ ์ฐจ ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ์†๋„๋กœ ์šด์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์€ 0.8 ์ „ํ›„๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค[1~6]. ์ด ์—ญ๋ฅ ์€ ์ „๋ ฅํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ฎ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ „์›์„ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ ๋‹จ์ž๋‚˜ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ 2์ฐจ์— ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ณด์ƒ ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค[7,8,9].

์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ •๊ฒฉ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ์šด์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ์˜ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์€ ๋ช…ํŒ์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ๋‚ฎ์•„ ์—ญ๋ฅ  ๋ณด์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์‚ฐ์ •์— ์ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ ๋ช…ํŒ์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ ์ •๊ฒฉ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์„ ๋ณด์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๋ณ€๋™์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์ ์ ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค.

์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ ๋‹จ์ž๋‚˜ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ 2์ฐจ์— ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ณด์ƒ ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ์— ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์ „์› ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•ด์„œ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฉด ์ „์›์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ชซ์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์–ด ์ „์›์˜ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์€ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค.

์œ ๋„์„ฑ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์—์„œ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์„ ๋ณด์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ญ๋ฅ  ๋ณด์ƒ ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ 2์ฐจ์ธก์— ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋งž์ถ”์–ด ์—ญ๋ฅ  ๋ณด์ƒ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชจ๋‘๋Š” ์ •๊ฒฉ์ถœ๋ ฅ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์šด์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‹ค์ œ๋Š” ์ •๊ฒฉ์ถœ๋ ฅ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ์šด์ „ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ต๋Œ€๋กœ ์šด์ „์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€๋™ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ •๊ฒฉ์ถœ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ณด์ƒ ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€๋™ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ณด์ƒ ์žฅ์น˜์˜ ์„ค์น˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ๊ฐ’์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์—ญ๋ฅ  ๋ณด์ƒ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

2. ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ ์—ญ๋ฅ  ๋ณด์ƒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋„

์—ญ๋ฅ  ๋ณด์ƒ์—๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์„ ๋ณด์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ 2์ฐจ์— ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์ฐฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผ๊ด„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค[6,8,9,11]. ๋‚ฎ์€ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์„ ๋ณด์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1โ’œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์œ ๋„์„ฑ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ „์ฒด ์ผ๊ด„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ณด์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ฐ ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ์˜ ์ •๊ฒฉ์— ๋งž์ถ”์–ด ์—ญ๋ฅ ์„ ๋ณด์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1โ’์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๊ด„ ๋ณด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ ๊ฒŒ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์žฅ์ ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์— ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์„ ๋ณด์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1โ’์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1. ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ์˜ ์—ญ๋ฅ  ๋ณด์ƒ

Fig. 1. Power factor compensation of induction motor

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.5.865/fig1.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1โ’œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ 2์ฐจ์— ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณด์ƒ์šฉ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” 3%์—์„œ 5% ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค[11]. ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด 500kVA ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 5%๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ , 500~2,000kVA ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” 4%๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์ด์ƒ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” 3%๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด 500kVA ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ 4% ๋‚˜ 5%๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์€ 20kVA ๋˜๋Š” 25kVA ์ด๋‹ค.

2.1 ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์—ญ๋ฅ  ๋ณด์ƒ

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2๋Š” ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณผ ํšŒ์ „์ž๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2์˜ ์ขŒ์ธก์€ ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ์— ์—ญ๋ฅ  ๋ณด์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ ํ๋ฆ„๋„์ด๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2์˜ ์šฐ์ธก์€ ์žํ™”์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ณด์ƒ ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๋•Œ์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ ํ๋ฆ„๋„์ด๋‹ค. ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ „์›์„ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์€ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2. ์—ญ๋ฅ  ๋ณด์ƒ ์ „ํ›„ ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋น„๊ต

Fig. 2. Comparison of the sizes of active and reactive power before and after power factor compensation

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.5.865/fig2.png

๋Šฆ์€ ์ง€์ƒ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์„ ๋ณด์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ง„์ƒ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ์— ๋ถ€์ฐฉํ•  ๋•Œ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์‹ โ‘ด๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

(1)
$Q_{c}=P\left(\tan\theta_{1}-\tan\theta_{2}\right)$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, $P$ ๋Š” ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ์— ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋˜๋Š” ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์ด๊ณ , $\theta_{1}$ ๋ณด์ƒ ์ „์˜ ์ „์••๊ณผ ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ์œ„์ƒ์ฐจ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ๋„์ด๋ฉฐ, $\theta_{2}$ ๋ณด์ƒ ํ›„์˜ ์ „์••๊ณผ ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ์œ„์ƒ์ฐจ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ๋„์ด๋‹ค.

๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋Š” ์‹ โ‘ต์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฐ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์™€ ์ „์••์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค.

(2)
$C =\dfrac{Q_{c}}{\omega\times V^{2}}$

2.2 ์ž๊ธฐ ์œ ๋„ ํ˜„์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ

์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ํฐ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋™ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ „์›์ด ์ฐจ๋‹จ๋œ ์ดํ›„์—๋„ ๊ณ„์† ํšŒ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์› ์ฐจ๋‹จ ํ›„ ์งง์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณ ์ •์ž ๊ถŒ์„ ์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ „๋ ฅ์€ 1~2์‚ฌ์ดํด ์ง€๋‚œ ๋‹ค์Œ์—๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ œ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์—ญ๋ฅ  ๋ณด์ƒ์šฉ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋Š” ๊ฐ์‡„ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญ๊ธฐ์ „๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด 3์ƒ ๋ฌดํšจ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ •์ž ๊ถŒ์„ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ฑ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ณ ์ •์ž ์ „๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ์ž๊ณ„์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ถ•๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํšŒ์ „์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํšŒ์ „์ž๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ ๋‹จ์ž์—์„œ์˜ ์ „์••์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋กœ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ ์—ฌ์ž(self-excitation) ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค[7,10,12]. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ž๊ธฐ ์—ฌ์ž ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์„ ๋ณด์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ ์‹ โ‘ถ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฒ”์œ„์—์„œ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋œ๋‹ค.

(3)
$Q_{c1}\le 0.9\times\sqrt{3}\times V\times I_{o}$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, $V$ ๋‹จ์ž์ „์••์ด๊ณ , $I_{o}$ ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ ๋ฌด๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์ž์ „๋ฅ˜์ด๋‹ค.

์—ญ๋ฅ  ๋ณด์ƒ์šฉ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์— ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์žํ™”์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค[7,8,9].

2.3 ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์  ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง

์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹จ์ƒ ๋“ฑ๊ฐ€ ํšŒ๋กœ๋„๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๊ณ ์ •์ž ์ „๋ฅ˜($I_{1}$)์—์„œ ์ž๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ๋•Œ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์žํ™”์ „๋ฅ˜($I_{m}$)๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ด ํšŒ์ „์ž์— ํ˜๋Ÿฌ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜๋œ๋‹ค. ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ €ํ•ญ ๋ฐ ๋ฆฌ์•กํ„ด์Šค ์„ฑ๋ถ„์˜ ํšŒ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์ด ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3. ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ์˜ ๋“ฑ๊ฐ€ํšŒ๋กœ๋„

Fig. 3. Equivalent circuit diagram of induction motor

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.5.865/fig3.png

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, $V_{1}$ ์„ ๊ฐ„์ „์••์ด๊ณ , $I_{1}$๋Š” ๊ณ ์ •์ž์— ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜๋กœ์„œ ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ช…ํŒ์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ ๊ฐ’์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค. $R_{1},\: R_{2}$ ๋Š” ๊ณ ์ •์ž์™€ ํšŒ์ „์ž์˜ ์ €ํ•ญ์ด๊ณ , $X_{1},\: X_{2}$ ๋„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ณ ์ •์ž์™€ ํšŒ์ „์ž์˜ ๋ˆ„์„ค ๋ฆฌ์•กํ„ด์Šค์ด๋ฉฐ, $X_{m}$์€ ์žํ™” ๋ฆฌ์•กํ„ด์Šค์ด๊ณ , $I_{m}$์€ ์žํ™”์ „๋ฅ˜์ด๋‹ค.

์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ณ ์ •์ž์— ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜ $I_{1}$ ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3์˜ ๋“ฑ๊ฐ€ํšŒ๋กœ์—์„œ ์ €ํ•ญ๊ณผ ๋ฆฌ์•กํ„ด์Šค์˜ ๊ฐ’์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ โ‘ท์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(4)
$I_{1}=\dfrac{V_{1}}{\left(R_{1}+j X_{1}\right)+\dfrac{1}{\dfrac{1}{j X_{m}}+\dfrac{1}{\left(\dfrac{R_{2}}{s}+j X_{2}\right)}}}$

๊ณต๊ทน์˜ ์ „์••์€ ์‹ โ‘ธ์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

(5)
$E_{1}=V_{1}-I_{1}\left(R_{1}+j X_{1}\right)$

์žํ™”์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ „๋ฅ˜ $I_{m}$ ์€ ์‹ โ‘น์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ณต๊ทน ์ „์••๊ณผ ์žํ™” ๋ฆฌ์•กํ„ด์Šค๋กœ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(6)
$I_{m}=\dfrac{E_{1}}{j X_{m}}$

์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ์— ์œ ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ($P$) ๋ฐ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ($Q$)์€ ์‹ โ‘บ ๋ฐ ์‹ โ‘ป์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ณ ์ •์ž์˜ ์ „์••๊ณผ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋กœ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(7)
$P=Re\left(\dfrac{3}{2}\times V_{1}\times\overline{I_{1}}\right)$
(8)
$Q=Im\left(\dfrac{3}{2}\times V_{1}\times\overline{I_{1}}\right)$

ํšŒ์ „์ž๊ณ„์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์ „์›์—์„œ๋งŒ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ „์›์˜ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ชฝ์—์„œ ๋Œ€์‹  ๋ณด์ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์—ญ๋ฅ ์„ ๋†’์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ๋กœ ์šด์ „ํ•  ๋•Œ์˜ ์šด๋™๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์€ ์‹ โ‘ผ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ† ํฌ, ๊ด€์„ฑ ๋ชจ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ์†๋„๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(9)
$T_{im}=J\left(\dfrac{2}{p}\right)\dfrac{dw_{r}}{dt}+Dw_{r}+T_{D}$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, $p$ ๋Š” ๊ทน์ˆ˜, $J$ ๋Š” ๊ด€์„ฑ ๋ชจ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ, $T_{D}$ ๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋™ ํ† ํฌ์ด๋ฉฐ, $D$ ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ฐฐ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์†์‹ค์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ„์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค.

3. ๋™์ž‘ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ ์šฉํ•œ 4๋Œ€์˜ 3์ƒ, 4๊ทน, 380V, ๋†ํ˜• ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ์˜ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋Š” ํ‘œ 1๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๊ณ , ์ •๊ฒฉ์ถœ๋ ฅ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋™์ž‘ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ชจ์˜๋Š” ์ „์ž๊ณ„ ๊ณผ๋„ํ•ด์„ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ(EMTP)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค[13].

ํ‘œ 1 ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ์˜ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ

Table 1 Induction motor parameters

์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ [hp]

10

20

30

50

์ •๊ฒฉ์†๋„ [rpm]

1770

1775

1780

1775

ํšจ์œจ [%]

91.7

93.0

93.6

94.5

์—ญ๋ฅ  [%]

76.0

79.0

80.0

82.0

์ „๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜ [A]

16.4

31.0

44.6

72.5

๋ฌด๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜ [A]

8.6

15.4

21.5

30.4

๊ธฐ๋™์ „๋ฅ˜ [%]

650

650

740

650

์ •๊ฒฉํ† ํฌ [ใŽยทm]

4.13

8.23

12.04

20.3

๊ธฐ๋™ ํ† ํฌ [%]

210

200

210

190

์ตœ๋Œ€ํ† ํฌ [%]

260

250

260

240

$GD^{2}$ [ใŽยทใŽก]

0.204

0.522

0.991

1.427

์ €์•• 380V ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ๋Š” ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰๋ณ„๋กœ ์„ค์น˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ๊ฐ’์„ ๋‚ด์„ ๊ทœ์ •์— ๊ถŒ๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค[11]. ํ‘œ 2๋Š” ์ „๋™๊ธฐ์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‚ด์„ ๊ทœ์ •์— ๊ถŒ๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ํ‘œ 1์— ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. 10hp๊ณผ 50hp์€ ๋‚ด์„ ๊ทœ์ •๊ณผ ์ œ์ž‘์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ ์„œ ๊ตฌํ•œ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๊ฐ™์ง€๋งŒ, 20hp๊ณผ 30hp์€ ๋‚ด์„ ๊ทœ์ •์—์„œ ๊ถŒ๊ณ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ’๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋” ํฐ ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.

ํ‘œ 2 ์ „๋™๊ธฐ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์—ญ๋ฅ  ๋ณด์ƒ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ

Table 2 Power factor correction capacitor according to motor capacity

๊ตฌ๋ถ„

๋‚ด์„ ๊ทœ์ •

์‹ค์ œ ์ ์šฉ

10hp

75ใŽŒ

75ใŽŒ

20hp

100ใŽŒ

150ใŽŒ

30hp

150ใŽŒ

200ใŽŒ

50hp

250ใŽŒ

250ใŽŒ

4๋Œ€์˜ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ 4/4 ๋ถ€ํ•˜, 3/4 ๋ถ€ํ•˜, 1/2 ๋ถ€ํ•˜, 4/4 ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ 4๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•ด์„œ ์šด์ „ํ•  ๋•Œ ์—ญ๋ฅ  ๋ณด์ƒ ์žฅ์น˜ ์„ค์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ 2์ฐจ์™€ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ ๋‹จ์ž์— ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€ ์„ค์น˜ํ•œ ์ดํ›„์— ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ชจ์˜ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4~6์€ ํ‘œ 1์— ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€๋™ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„  10hp ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€๋™ํ•  ๋•Œ 75ใŽŒ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ถ€์ฐฉ ์ „ํ›„ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4~6์—์„œ ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ(P:โ—‹), ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ(Q:โ–ก), ํ”ผ์ƒ์ „๋ ฅ(S:โ–ณ), ์—ญ๋ฅ (pf:ร—)์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์ƒ‰์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4โ’œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด 10hp์˜ ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ญ๋ฅ  ๋ณด์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€๋™ํ•  ๋•Œ ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ ์–ด ์—ญ๋ฅ ์ด ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€๋™ํ•จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์ด ๋‚ฎ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณด์ƒ์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์„ ๋†’์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4โ’์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์—ญ๋ฅ ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 75ใŽŒ์˜ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์ฐฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์—ญ๋ฅ ์€ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ, 1/2 ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญ๋ฅ  ๊ฐ’(0.9 ์ด์ƒ)์„ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4. 10hp ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ์‹œ ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์—ญ๋ฅ  ๋ณ€ํ™”

Fig. 4. Power and power factor changes when the load of a 10hp induction motor increases or decreases

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๋‹ค์Œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5๋Š” 20hp 4๊ทน ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•  ๋•Œ ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์ด ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์„ค์น˜์ „๊ณผ ์„ค์น˜ ํ›„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5๋Š” 20hp ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ œ์ž‘์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ช…ํŒ์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์„ ๋‚ด์„ ๊ทœ์ •์— ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ๊ฐ’์˜ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์™€ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตฌํ•œ ๊ฐ’์˜ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ญ๋ฅ ์ด ๋‚ฎ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5โ’์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‚ด์„ ๊ทœ์ •์—์„œ ๊ถŒ๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” 100ใŽŒ๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์ „๋ ฅํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” 0.9 ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์„ ๋งŒ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5โ’ž์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด 150ใŽŒ์˜ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์šด์ „ํ•˜๋ฉด 1/2 ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญ๋ฅ  ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๋งŒ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5. 20hp ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ์‹œ ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์—ญ๋ฅ  ๋ณ€ํ™”

Fig. 5. Power and power factor changes when the load of a 20hp induction motor increases or decreases

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๋‹ค์Œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6์€ 30hp 4๊ทน ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์„ค์น˜์ „๊ณผ ์„ค์น˜ ํ›„์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์—ญ๋ฅ  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ€ํ•˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ญ๋ฅ ์ด ๋‚ฎ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋‚ด์„ ๊ทœ์ •์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” 150ใŽŒ๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6โ’์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ •๊ฒฉ์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญ๋ฅ ์„ ๋งŒ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6โ’ž์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด 200ใŽŒ์˜ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์šด์ „ํ•˜๋ฉด 1/2 ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญ๋ฅ  ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6. 30hp ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ์‹œ ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์—ญ๋ฅ  ๋ณ€ํ™”

Fig. 6. Power and power factor changes when the load of a 30hp induction motor increases or decreases

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๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5์™€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6์—์„œ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด 20hp๊ณผ 30hp์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‚ด์„ ๊ทœ์ •์—์„œ ๊ถŒ๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์ƒํ–ฅ ์กฐ์ •์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ์˜ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์„ค์น˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์ œ์•ฝ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1โ’œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ผ๊ด„ ๋ณด์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์—ญ๋ฅ  ๋ณด์ƒ ์žฅ์น˜์˜ ์„ค์น˜ ์ „ํ›„ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7์€ 10hp, 20hp, 30hp, 50hp์˜ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์šด์ „ํ•  ๋•Œ ์—ญ๋ฅ  ๋ณด์ƒ ์ „๊ณผ ์—ญ๋ฅ  ๋ณด์ƒ ํ›„์˜ ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ(P:โ—‹), ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ(Q:โ–ก), ํ”ผ์ƒ์ „๋ ฅ(S:โ–ณ), ์—ญ๋ฅ (pf:ร—)์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด 110hp ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฅผ 4/4 ๋ถ€ํ•˜, 3/4 ๋ถ€ํ•˜, 1/2 ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ 2์ฐจ์— ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผ๊ด„ ๋ณด์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7โ’œ๋Š” ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ „๋ ฅํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญ๋ฅ ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ์šด์ „ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ „๋ ฅํšŒ์‚ฌ์— ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญ๋ฅ ์„ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ „๋ ฅํšŒ์‚ฌ์— ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์—์„œ 4%์™€ 5%๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์‹ค์ œ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ํ•ฉ๊ณผ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ โ‘ต๋กœ ๊ตฌํ•œ ์—ญ๋ฅ  ๋ณด์ƒ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7. 4๋Œ€ ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ์‹œ ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์—ญ๋ฅ  ๋ณ€ํ™”

Fig. 7. Power and power factor changes when the load of the four set induction motor increases or decreases

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๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7โ’์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์˜ 4%(20kVA)์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ•œ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ์— ๋ถ€์ฐฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ ์šด์ „ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„๋งˆ๋‹ค ๊ตฌํ•œ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์€ ์ „๋ ฅํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ๊ณ , ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์˜ 5%(25kVA)์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7โ’ž์—์„œ๋Š” ์ •๊ฒฉ์ถœ๋ ฅ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ „๋ ฅํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญ๋ฅ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7โ’Ÿ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ „๋™๊ธฐ์— ์œ ์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋ณด์ƒ ์ „์˜ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ ์„œ ์‹ โ‘ด ๋ฐ ์‹ โ‘ต๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌํ•œ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ(675ใŽŒ)๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด 1/2 ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์˜์—ญ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ „๋ ฅํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญ๋ฅ  ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค.

4. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์ด ๋ณ€๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชจ์˜ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ญ๋ฅ ์„ ๋ณด์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์šด์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ „๋ ฅํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญ๋ฅ ์„ ์ถฉ์กฑํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์—ญ๋ฅ  ๋ณด์ƒ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ ๋‹จ์ž ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๊ณณ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ 2์ฐจ์ธก์— ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ ์„œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ 4๋Œ€์˜ ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจ์˜ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์—ญ๋ฅ  ๋ณด์ƒ ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ ๋‹จ์ž์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๊ณณ์— ์„ค์น˜ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ 2์ฐจ์ธก์— ์„ค์น˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—์„œ 1/2 ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ดํ•˜๋กœ ์šด์ „ํ•˜๋ฉด ์—ญ๋ฅ ์ด 0.9 ์ด์ƒ์ด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์ผ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ ์ •๊ฒฉ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์˜ 1/2 ์ดํ•˜๋กœ ์šด์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์—ญ๋ฅ  ๋ณด์ƒ ์žฅ์น˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์€ ๋” ๋†’๊ฒŒ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ์˜ ์ „์••๊ณผ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์—ญ๋ฅ  ๋ณด์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‚ด์„ ๊ทœ์ •์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์„ ์ผ์ • ๋น„์œจ ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ „๋™๊ธฐ ์ œ์ž‘์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ช…ํŒ๊ณผ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ์šด์ „์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ์ •ํ•œ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

References

1 
Theodore Wildi, โ€œElectrical Machines, Drives and Power Systems,โ€ Prentice Hall, 2002.URL
2 
P. C. Krause and C. H. Thomas, โ€œSimulation of symmetrical induction machinery,โ€ IEEE Trans., PAS-84, pp. 1038~1053, 1965.DOI
3 
Paul C. Krause, O. Wasynczuk and S. D. Sudhoff. โ€œAnalysis of Electric Machinery and Drive Systems,โ€ IEEE Press Series on power Engineering, John Wiley and Sons Inc. Publication, 2004.URL
4 
Jong-Gyeum Kim, โ€œCharacteristics for Current and Power of Induction Motor by Load Variation,โ€ Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers, vol. 25, no. 8, pp. 82-87, 2011.URL
5 
Min-ho Park, โ€œInduction machines,โ€ Dong Myeong Publishers, 2003.URL
6 
Jong-Gyeum Kim, โ€œA Study on the Optimum Selection of the Power Factor Compensation Condenser According to the Improved Efficiency of Induction Motor,โ€ The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers, vol. 63P, no. 4, pp. 236-240, 2014.12DOI
7 
Ramasamy Natarajan, โ€œPower System Capacitor,โ€ Taylor & Francis, 2005.URL
8 
IEEE Std 141-1993, โ€œPower factor and related considerations,โ€ 1993.URL
9 
IEC 60831-1, โ€œShunt power capacitors of the self-healing type for a.c. systems having a rated voltage up to and including 1,000V-Part 1: General-Performance, testing and rating-Safety requirements-Guide for installation and operation,โ€ 2014.URL
10 
Jong-Gyeum Kim, โ€œA Research on Self-excitation and Power Factor Compensation of Induction Motor,โ€ The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers, vol. 65, no. 7, pp. 1311-1315, 2016.DOI
11 
KEC, โ€œExtension Regulation,โ€ Appendix 3-6,URL
12 
www.nepsi.com, โ€œSelf-Excitation Concerns with Power Factor Correction on Induction Motors,โ€ pp. 1-4.URL
13 
H.W. Dommel, โ€œElectromagnetic Transients Program. Reference Manual (EMTP Theory Book),โ€ BPA 1986.URL

์ €์ž์†Œ๊ฐœ

๊น€์ข…๊ฒธ(Jong-Gyeum Kim)
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Jongโ€‘Gyeum Kim received his B.S degree in Electrical Engineering from Dong-A University, Busan, Korea, in 1984, and M.S, and Ph.D degrees in Electrical Engineering from Chungnam National University in 1991 and 1996 respectively. In 1987, he worked for KT, and from 1988 to 1996, he worked for K-water. He was a Visiting Professor at the Wisconsin State University from 2013 to 2014 and the University of Idaho from 2022 to 2023. He has been working at Gangneung-Wonju National University since 1996. His research interest is the design and implementation of Energy Conversion System and Power Quality. He is fellow member of the KIEE.

๋ฐ•์˜์ง„(Young-Jeen Park)
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Young-Jeen Park received his B.S., M.S. and Ph. D degrees in electrical engineering from Dankook University in 1982, 1986 and 1996 respectively. He has currently been working for Gangneung-Wonju National University. His research interests include the design and application of Automatic Control System.