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  1. (Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Dankook University, Korea)



Cascaded H-bridge inverters (CHB), digital signal processors (DSP), missed edge, multi-sampling, phase-shifted PWM (PS-PWM), vertical crossing

1. ์„œ ๋ก 

Cascaded H-bridge ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ (CHB)๋Š” H-bridge๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ N๊ฐœ์˜ ์…€์ด ์„œ๋กœ ์ง๋ ฌ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ํšŒ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์—†์ด ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์˜ ์ „์••์„ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ํ† ํด๋กœ์ง€ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค[1,2]. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ CHB๋Š” ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋†’์€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „์••์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ฃผ๋กœ solid state transformer (SST), electric vehicle (EV) charger, photo voltaic (PV) system, energy storage system (ESS)์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์šฉ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™˜์žฅ์น˜ ํ˜น์€ ๋Œ€์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์–ดํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค[3-7].

CHB์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „์••์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ณ€์กฐ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ๋Š” phase-shifted PWM (PS-PWM), level-shifted PWM (LS-PWM), nearest level control (NLC) ๋“ฑ์ด ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค[8-11]. ๊ทธ ์ค‘, PS-PWM์€ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์œ„์ƒ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ N๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์†กํŒŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „์••์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณ€์กฐ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ, ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์†กํŒŒ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์—์„œ LS-PWM ๋ฐ NLC ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋†’์€ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์˜ CHB ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „์••์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „์••์— ๋” ์ ์€ ๊ณ ์กฐํŒŒ๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์†กํŒŒ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ณ€์กฐ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋ณด๋‹ค ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ํ’ˆ์งˆ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ PS-PWM์€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ํ’ˆ์งˆ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ณ€์กฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋ฐ˜์†กํŒŒ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค.

Digital signal processor (DSP)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ digital ์ œ์–ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ [12]๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ฐ˜์†กํŒŒ์˜ zero ํ˜น์€ period์—์„œ๋งŒ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” single-sampling์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. PS-PWM ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ CHB์—์„œ single-sampling์„ ์ ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋ฐ˜์†กํŒŒ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ์ง€์—ฐ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ง€๋ น ์ „์••์˜ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ œ์–ด ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ํ•˜๋ฝํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค[13,14]. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ์ง€์—ฐ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋“ค์ด ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, [15-18]์—์„œ๋Š” multi-sampling ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ์ง€์—ฐ์„ ์ €๊ฐ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. Multi-sampling์ด๋ž€, ๋ฐ˜์†กํŒŒ 1์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋‚ด์— ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ๋ฐ ์ง€๋ น ๊ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฒˆ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๋ฐ˜์†กํŒŒ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ž‘์€ PS-PWM ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ CHB์—์„œ multi-sampling์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋ฐ˜์†กํŒŒ์˜ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€๋ น ์ „์••์˜ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ œ์–ด ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1. N-cell CHB์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ.

Fig. 1. Topology of N-cell CHB.

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.10.1678/fig1.png

๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, multi-sampling ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜๋„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค[19]. ๊ทธ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” vertical crossing์— ์˜ํ•œ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ํŽ„์Šค์˜ ๊ฐฑ์‹  ๋ˆ„๋ฝ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. Vertical crossing์ด๋ž€ ์ง€๋ น๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜์†กํŒŒ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ง์œผ๋กœ ๊ต์ฐจํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, PWM ํŽ„์Šค์˜ ๊ฐฑ์‹ ์ด ๋ˆ„๋ฝ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. Multi-sampling๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ vertical crossing์€ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์–ต์ œ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํƒ์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์–ต์ œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. [14]์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง€๋ น๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜์†กํŒŒ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ vertical crossing์„ ํƒ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, vertical crossing์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, PWM ํŽ„์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์ œ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ vertical crossing ํƒ์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ PWM ํŽ„์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์ œ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์„ค๋ช…์ด ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. [15]๋Š” multi-sampling์ด ์ ์šฉ๋œ DC-DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์—์„œ vertical crossing์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” dead bands๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ proportional (P) ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ์‹œ์  ์ฒœ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” PWM ์ง€๋ น๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜์†กํŒŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ต์ฐจํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์ ์ด ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— vertical crossing์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ต์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ์ œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์€ DC-DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ •์ƒ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์ง€๋ น์ด ํฐ ํญ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ๋งŒ ์ ์šฉ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ •ํ˜„ํŒŒ ์ง€๋ น์ด ์ธ๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ฐ˜์†กํŒŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” PS-PWM ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ CHB์—๋Š” ์ ์šฉ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” PS-PWM ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ CHB์—์„œ multi-sampling ์ ์šฉ ์‹œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” vertical crossing์— ์˜ํ•œ CHB ์ „์•• ์˜ค์ฐจ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ˜์†กํŒŒ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ vertical crossing์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž์„ธํžˆ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  vertical crossing์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ˆ˜์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ vertical crossing์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์„ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ณ  ์–ต์ œํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ CHB ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „์••์˜ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. Vertical crossing์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด CHB ๊ฐ ์…€์˜ ๋ฐ˜์†กํŒŒ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฐ ์ด์ „ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง์—์„œ์˜ PWM ์ง€๋ น์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, vertical crossing์ด ์˜ˆ์ธก๋œ ์…€์€ PWM ์ง€๋ น์˜ ๋ณ€์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด vertical crossing์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š”, ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด์ ์œผ๋กœ vertical crossing์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— DSP์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์™€ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์— ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์€ TI TMS320F28377D ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ 3-์…€ CHB ์‹คํ—˜์„ธํŠธ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•œ๋‹ค.

ํ‘œ 1 PWM ํŽ„์Šค์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ CHB ์…€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „์••.

Table 1 CHB cell output voltage depending on the PWM pulses.

$SW _{xa}$ $SW _{xa}$ $v _{cell,x}$

0

0

0

0

1

$-V _{dc,x}$

1

0

$V _{dc,x}$

1

1

0

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2. PS-PWM ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ CHB์˜ ์ง€๋ น ๋ณ€์กฐ ๊ณผ์ •.

Fig. 2. Modulation process of the PS-PWM based CHB.

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.10.1678/fig2.png

2. System description

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1์€ N-์…€ CHB ํ† ํด๋กœ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ $v_{CHB}$, $v_{cell,\: x}$๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ CHB ๋ฐ ์…€ $x$์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „์••์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค ($x$=1, 2,โ€ฆ,N). ๋˜ํ•œ, $V_{dc,\: x}$๋Š” ์…€ $x$์˜ DC-link ์ „์••, R๊ณผ L์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ €ํ•ญ ๋ฐ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ธ๋•ํ„ด์Šค, $i_{Load}$๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1์„ ํ†ตํ•ด $v_{CHB}$๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  $v_{cell,\: x}$์˜ ํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์‹ (1)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

(1)
$v_{CHB}=\sum_{x=1}^{N}v_{cell,\: x}=\sum_{x=1}^{N}(v_{cell,\: xa}-v_{cell,\: xb}).$

$v_{cell,\: xa}$, $v_{cell,\: xb}$๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์…€ $x$์˜ ๋ ˆ๊ทธ a ๋ฐ b์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „์••์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์‹ (2)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด $SW_{xy}$์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ๋‹ค ($y$=a, b).

(2)
$v_{cell,\: xy}=\begin{cases}V_{dc,\: x},\: (SW_{xy}=1)\\0 ,\: (SW_{xy}=0).\end{cases}$

์‹ (2)์—์„œ $SW_{xy}$๋Š” $S_{xyp}$ ๋ฐ $S_{xyn}$์˜ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ , $SW_{xy}$=1์€ $S_{xyp}$๊ฐ€ On, $SW_{xy}$=0์€ $S_{xyn}$๊ฐ€ On์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ‘œ 1์€ $SW_{xy}$์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” $v_{cell,\: x}$์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ํ‘œ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์‹ (1) ๋ฐ ์‹ (2)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด $v_{cell,\: x}$๋Š” $v_{cell,\: xa}$์™€ $v_{cell,\: xb}$์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์˜ ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ด 3๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์˜ ์ „์••์„ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

PS-PWM ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ CHB์˜ ์ง€๋ น ๋ณ€์กฐ ๊ณผ์ •์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. CHB ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „์•• ์ง€๋ น ($v_{CHB}^{*}$)์€ N์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰˜์–ด ๊ฐ ์…€์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „์•• ์ง€๋ น ($v_{cell}^{*}$)์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐ˜์†กํŒŒ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ PWM ์ง€๋ น ($D_{x}$)์€ $v_{cell}^{*}$์„ $V_{dc,\: x}$์œผ๋กœ ์ •๊ทœํ™”ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋„์ถœ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, $SW_{x}$์€ $D_{x}$์™€ ๊ฐ ์…€์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์†กํŒŒ ($Carr_{x}$)์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3. Multi-sampling์ด ์ ์šฉ๋œ CHB์˜ ๋ฐ˜์†กํŒŒ ๋ฐ PWM ์ง€๋ น.

Fig. 3. Carrier and modulation wave of CHB with multi-sampling.

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.10.1678/fig3.png

ํ‘œ 2 ๋ฐ˜์†กํŒŒ์˜ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ PWM ํŽ„์Šค์˜ ๊ฐฑ์‹  ๊ฐ’.

Table 2 Value of the updating PWM pulse by the slope of the carrier.

Condition

=

Slope of$Carr _{x}$

Positive

Negative

Updated value

0

1

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” vertical crossing์— ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ ์˜ˆ์ธก ๋ฐ ์–ต์ œ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฉ์ดํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐ˜์†กํŒŒ ํ•œ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์— ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” 3-์…€ CHB๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3์€ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์˜ multi-sampling์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” CHB์˜ ๋ฐ˜์†กํŒŒ ๋ฐ PWM ์ง€๋ น์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3์—์„œ $T_{samp}$ ๋ฐ $T_{carr}$์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ˜์†กํŒŒ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ, $k$ ๋ฐ $k+1$ ๋“ฑ์€ ํ•ด๋‹น ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ์‹œ์ ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, $D_{x}[k]$ ๋ฐ $Carr_{x}[k]$๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ $k$๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง์—์„œ ์…€ $x$์˜ PWM ์ง€๋ น ๋ฐ ๋ฐ˜์†กํŒŒ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. 3๋ฒˆ์˜ multi-sampling์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฐ˜์†กํŒŒ ํ•œ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์— $D_{x}$๋Š” ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์”ฉ ๊ฐฑ์‹ ๋œ๋‹ค.

3. Analysis of vertical crossing

์‹ค์ œ DSP์—์„œ $SW_{x}$์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋Š” $D_{x}$์™€ $Carr_{x}$์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ๋งŒ ๊ฐฑ์‹ ๋˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ์ด์™ธ์˜ ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐฑ์‹ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ‘œ 2์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด $D_{x}$์™€ $Carr_{x}$์˜ ๊ฐ’์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜์†กํŒŒ๊ฐ€ ์–‘์˜ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ $SW_{x}$๋Š” 0์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐฑ์‹ ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐ˜์†กํŒŒ๊ฐ€ ์Œ์˜ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ $SW_{x}$๋Š” 1๋กœ ๊ฐฑ์‹ ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค.

Single-sampling์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, $D_{x}$๋Š” $Carr_{x}$=0์ธ ์‹œ์  ํ˜น์€ $Carr_{x}$=1์ธ ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ๋งŒ ๊ฐฑ์‹ ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— $SW_{x}$์˜ ๊ฐฑ์‹ ์€ ํ‘œ 2์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐ˜์†กํŒŒ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ 1๋ฒˆ์”ฉ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, multi-sampling์„ ์ ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๊ฐฑ์‹ ๋˜๋Š” $D_{x}$ ๋ฐ $Carr_{x}$์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ vertical crossing์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4๋Š” ์…€ $m$์˜ $k$๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง์—์„œ vertical crossing์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4(a) ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4(b)๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ฐ˜์†กํŒŒ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€, ๋ฐ˜์†กํŒŒ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์…€ $m$์€ vertical crossing์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์…€์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, $k$๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง์—์„œ $SW_{m}[k]$๋Š” ๊ฐฑ์‹ ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, $D_{m}[k]$๊ณผ $Carr_{m}[k]$์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ์ ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‹ค์ œ $SW_{m}[k]$์€ ๊ฐฑ์‹ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด, $D_{x}$์™€ $Carr_{x}$์ด ์„œ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ง์œผ๋กœ ๊ต์ฐจํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์„ vertical crossing์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋ฉฐ, vertical crossing์— ์˜ํ•ด $SW_{m}$์˜ ๊ฐฑ์‹ ์ด ๋ˆ„๋ฝ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์„ missed edge๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค[19].

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4. Vertical crossing์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ (a) ๋ฐ˜์†กํŒŒ ์ƒ์Šน, (b) ๋ฐ˜์†กํŒŒ ํ•˜๊ฐ•.

Fig. 4. Occurrence of vertical crossing (a) Positive carrier slope, (b) Negative carrier slope.

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.10.1678/fig4.png

Vertical crossing์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉด missed edge์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ $v_{cell,\: m}$์ด ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ, ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ค์ฐจ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ ($E_{m}$)๋Š” ์‹ (3)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ •์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(3)
$E_{m}=v_{cell,\: m}-u_{cell,\: m}.$

์ด๋•Œ, $u_{cell,\: m}$๋Š” ์˜ค์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ •์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „์••์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. $E_{m}$์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์†กํŒŒ์˜ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ์™€ vertical crossing์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๋ ˆ๊ทธ์˜ ์œ„์น˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ, ์‹ (1) ๋ฐ ์‹ (2)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‘œ 3์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, $E_{m}$์€ vertical crossing์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” $v_{CHB}$์˜ ์ „์•• ์˜ค์ฐจ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์™€ ์ผ์น˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹ (1)์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

ํ‘œ 3 Vertical crossing์— ์˜ํ•œ ์…€ ์ „์•• ์˜ค์ฐจ.

Table 3 Error in cell output voltage due to vertical crossing.

Slope of$Carr _{x}$

Leg where vertical crossing occurs

$E _{m}$

Positive

leg a

$V _{dc,m}$

leg b

$-V _{dc,m}$

Negative

leg a

$-V _{dc,m}$

leg b

$V _{dc,m}$

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5. Vertical crossing์— ์˜ํ•œ missed edge ์ง€์† ์‹œ๊ฐ„.

Fig. 5. Persistence time of the missed edge by the vertical crossing.

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.10.1678/fig5.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6. Vertical crossing์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ „์•• ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์„œ์ง€์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ.

Fig. 6. Occurrences of the abnormal voltage and current surges by vertical crossing.

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.10.1678/fig6.png

๋˜ํ•œ, vertical crossing์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ $E_{m}$์€ missed edge๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค์Œ $SW_{m}$์ด ๊ฐฑ์‹ ๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ์ ๊นŒ์ง€ ์œ ์ง€๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5๋Š” vertical crossing์— ์˜ํ•œ missed edge๊ฐ€ ์œ ์ง€๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ($\varepsilon_{m}$)์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ด๋‹ค. $k$๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ vertical crossing์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ $\varepsilon_{m}[k]$๋Š” ์‹ (4)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(4)
$\varepsilon_{m}[k]=\varepsilon_{m,\: 1}+\varepsilon_{m,\: 2}=\dfrac{T_{carr}}{2}\left(h_{1}+h_{2}\right).$

์ด๋•Œ, $\varepsilon_{m,\: 1}$, $\varepsilon_{m,\: 2}$๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์†กํŒŒ์˜ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋œ missed edge์˜ ์œ ์ง€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฉฐ, $h_{1}$, $h_{2}$๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ missed edge์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘ ๋ฐ ์ข…๋ฃŒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ $Carr_{m}$์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹ (4)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ $\varepsilon_{m}$์€ $T_{carr}$์— ๋น„๋ก€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š”, ๋™์ผํ•œ ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ vertical crossing์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ $T_{carr}$์ด ํด์ˆ˜๋ก vertical crossing์— ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ $T_{carr}$์ด ํฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก vertical crossing์˜ ์–ต์ œ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์€ ๋”์šฑ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6์€ CHB๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ œ์–ด ์‹œ vertical crossing์— ์˜ํ•ด ์™œ๊ณก๋œ $v_{cell,\: m}$ ๋ฐ $v_{CHB}$์™€ $i_{Load}$์˜ ํŒŒํ˜•์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ด๋‹ค. vertical crossing์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ $v_{cell,\: m}$ ๋ฐ $v_{CHB}$์— $E_{m}$๋งŒํผ์˜ ์˜ค์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— $i_{Load}$์— ์„œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. Vertical crossing์— ์˜ํ•œ ์„œ์ง€ ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ฐ ํ•„ํ„ฐ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ณ„ํ†ต์—ฐ๊ณ„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ•„ํ„ฐ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ž‘๊ณ , ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์ „์›๊ณผ $v_{CHB}$ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋งค์šฐ ์ž‘์€ ์ „์•• ์ฐจ์ด๋งŒ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ž‘์€ ์ „์•• ์˜ค์ฐจ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ํฐ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์„œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ multi-sampling์„ ์ ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, vertical crossing์€ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์–ต์ œ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์†Œ์ด๋‹ค.

4. Vertical crossing prediction and suppression

๋ณธ ์ ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” PS-PWM ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ CHB์—์„œ vertical crossing์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๋„์‹ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ vertical crossing์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. Vertical crossing์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์กฐ๊ฑด์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋„์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, $Carr_{m}$์˜ ๋ฐ˜์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋™์•ˆ $Carr_{m}$๊ณผ $D_{m}$์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ง€์ ์€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, $Carr_{m}$๊ณผ $D_{m}$์˜ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ, $D_{m}$์˜ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ด์ „ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ์‹œ์ ์˜ $D_{m}$๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ํŒ๋‹จํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4(a)์˜ $k$๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง์—์„œ, $Carr_{m}[k]$๋Š” ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, $D_{m}[k]$๋Š” $D_{m}[k-1]$๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž‘๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ•˜๋ฝํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, $Carr_{m}$๊ณผ $D_{m}$์˜ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ด๋‹ค. ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด vertical crossing์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฑด์€ ์ˆ˜์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์‹ (5)์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

(5)
\begin{align*}Sign_{x}[k]D_{x}[k]<Sign_{x}[k]Carr_{x}[k]\\<Sign_{x}[k]D_{x}[k-1].\end{align*}
์ด๋•Œ, $Sign_{x}[k]$๋Š” $k$๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง์—์„œ $Carr_{x}$์˜ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ํ•จ์ˆ˜์ด๋ฉฐ, $Carr_{x}$๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์Šนํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” 1, ํ•˜๊ฐ•ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” โ€“1์˜ ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์‹ (5)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ $k$๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง์—์„œ vertical crossing์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํŒ๋‹จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7. ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ดํ›„์— ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” PWM ์ง€๋ น.

Fig. 7. Modulation wave output after calculation time.

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.10.1678/fig7.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8. 3-์…€ CHB์—์„œ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ์‹œ์ ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์†กํŒŒ ํฌ๊ธฐ.

Fig. 8. Magnitude of carriers at updating sampling instance in three-cell CHB.

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.10.1678/fig8.png

๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ์ง€๋ น ๋ณ€์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด vertical crossing์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ ์–ด๋„ ํ•œ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ์ด์ „์— vertical crossing์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์‹ (5)์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค์„ $k-1$๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง์—์„œ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, DSP ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ digital ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ์—์„œ $D_{x}$๋Š” ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ $k$์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ์‹œ์ ์— ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ๋ฐ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์‹œ์ง€์—ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ vertical crossing์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง๋งˆ๋‹ค ์†Œ์š”๋œ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ($t_{cal}$)์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, $t_{cal}$์€ ๋งค ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง๋งˆ๋‹ค ๊ทผ์†Œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ vertical crossing์„ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7์€ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ๋ฐ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ง€์—ฐ๋˜์–ด ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” $D_{x}$๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” $t_{cal}$์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ $D_{x}$์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ํ•œ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ์ง€์—ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, $k$๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” $D_{x}[k]$๋Š” $k-1$๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง์—์„œ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์—ฐ์‚ฐ ์ข…๋ฃŒ ํ›„ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋Œ€๊ธฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๊ฐ€ $k$๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ์‹œ์ ์— ๋งž์ถ”์–ด ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š”, $D_{x}$๊ฐ€ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์ ์„ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ํŠน์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— $t_{cal}$๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ vertical crossing ํŒ๋‹จ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, $k-1$๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง์—์„œ $D_{x}[k]$๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ•œ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ์ด์ „์— vertical crossing์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, $D_{x}$๋ฅผ ํ•œ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ์ง€์—ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ์ง€์—ฐ์€ [20]์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ๋ณด์ƒ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

ํ‘œ 4 Sector ๋ณ„ ๋ฐ˜์†กํŒŒ์˜ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ํฌ๊ธฐ.

Table 4 Slope and magnitude of the carrier by sector.

Sector

Cell (x)

$Carr _{x}$ $Sign _{x}$

sector 0

cell 1

0

1

cell 2

1/3

-1

cell 3

2/3

-1

sector 1

cell 1

2/3

1

cell 2

1/3

1

cell 3

0

1

sector 2

cell 1

2/3

-1

cell 2

1

-1

cell 3

2/3

1

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9. ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ PWM ์ง€๋ น ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๊ณผ์ •.

Fig. 9. Process of generating the including the proposed method.

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.10.1678/fig9.png

์ •ํ™•ํ•œ vertical crossing ์˜ˆ์ธก์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„  $k-1$๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง์—์„œ $Sign_{x}[k]$์™€ $Carr_{x}[k]$์˜ ๊ฐ’๋„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ $D_{x}$๊ฐ€ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์ ์„ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŠน์ •ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— $T_{samp}$์™€ $T_{carr}$์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8์€ ๋ฐ˜์†กํŒŒ ํ•œ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์— 3๋ฒˆ์˜ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” 3-์…€ CHB์˜ ๋งค ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ๋ณ„ ๋ฐ˜์†กํŒŒ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ, $T_{samp}=T_{carr}/3$์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์†กํŒŒ ํ•œ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋Š” 3๊ฐœ์˜ sector๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ sector์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๋Š” $T_{samp}$์™€ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๊ฐ sector๋งˆ๋‹ค $Carr_{x}$์˜ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ์™€ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ผ์ •ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฐ sector์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ $Carr_{x}$ ๋ฐ $Sign_{x}$์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ‘œ 4์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, $k$๋ฒˆ์žฌ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” vertical crossing์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์ด์ „ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง์—์„œ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— vertical crossing์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์„ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” vertical crossing์ด ์˜ˆ์ธก๋œ ์…€์˜ $D_{m}$์˜ ๋ณ€์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด vertical crossing์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9๋Š” ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” vertical crossing ์˜ˆ์ธก ๋ฐ ์–ต์ œ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ $D_{x}$์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ณผ์ • โ‘ ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ PWM ์ง€๋ น ์ƒ์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ •์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ๋ฐ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ ๊ณผ์ •์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ, $D_{x,\: tmp}$๋Š” ์…€ $x$์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ •๊ทœํ™” ์งํ›„์˜ PWM ์ง€๋ น์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ์ • โ‘ก์—์„œ๋Š” vertical crossing ์˜ˆ์ธก ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ vertical crossing ์–ต์ œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ง€๋ น ๋ณ€์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ตœ์ข… ์ง€๋ น์ธ $D_{x}$๋Š” ๊ณผ์ • โ‘ก์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๊ฐ’์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ฐฑ์‹ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋Œ€๊ธฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์Œ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ๊ฐฑ์‹ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 10์€ ์…€ $m$์—์„œ vertical crossing์ด ์˜ˆ์ธก๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ง€๋ น ๋ณ€์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด vertical crossing์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 10(a)๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 10(b)์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ฐ˜์†กํŒŒ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์Šน ๋ฐ ํ•˜๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐ˜์†กํŒŒ์˜ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด $k-1$๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง์—์„œ vertical crossing์ด ์˜ˆ์ธก๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ํ•ด๋‹น ์…€์€ $k$๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ์ง€๋ น์„ ๊ฐฑ์‹ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ์ด์ „ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง์˜ ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, $D_{m}[k]$๋Š” $D_{m,\: tmp}[k]$์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐฑ์‹ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ, $D_{m}[k-1]$์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€๋œ๋‹ค. $D_{m}[k]=D_{m}[k-1]$์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, $k$๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง์—์„œ vertical crossing ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ธ ์‹ (5)๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— vertical crossing์€ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ, $SW_{m}$์€ ํ•ด๋‹น ๋ฐ˜์†กํŒŒ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋‚ด์— ๋ˆ„๋ฝ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๊ฐฑ์‹ ๋œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 10. Vertical crossing ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์–ต์ œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ง€๋ น ์œ ์ง€(a) ๋ฐ˜์†กํŒŒ ์ƒ์Šน, (b) ๋ฐ˜์†กํŒŒ ํ•˜๊ฐ•.

Fig. 10. Holding the modulation wave to suppress the vertical crossing (a) Positive carrier slope, (b) Negative carrier slope.

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5. Experimental results

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์ด ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 11์˜ TI์‚ฌ์˜ TMS320F28377D ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ 3-์…€ CHB ์‹คํ—˜์„ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒ€์ฆ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์†กํŒŒ ํ•œ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์— ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” multi-sampling์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 12๋Š” CHB์˜ ์…€ 1์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜์†กํŒŒ์˜ ์ƒ์Šน ๋ฐ ํ•˜๊ฐ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ vertical crossing์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ, $f_{carr}$๋Š” 1.67kHz๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ์‹ค์ œ DSP์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜์†กํŒŒ๋Š” ์‚ผ๊ฐํŒŒ์˜ ํŒŒํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ์ž„์˜์˜ ์นด์šดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๋ น๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ $SW_{x}$๋ฅผ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์†กํŒŒ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํŠน์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 11. 3-์…€ CHB ์‹คํ—˜์„ธํŠธ.

Fig. 11. three-cell CHB experiment set.

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๊ทธ๋ฆผ 12. ์…€ 1์—์„œ vertical crossing์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ (a) ๋ฐ˜์†กํŒŒ ์ƒ์Šน, (b) ๋ฐ˜์†กํŒŒ ํ•˜๊ฐ•.

Fig. 12. The occurrence of vertical crossing in cell 1 (a) Positive carrier slope, (b) Negative carrier slope.

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๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฐ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง์„ sector๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ, ๋ฐ˜์†กํŒŒ sector๊ฐ€ 0์œผ๋กœ ์ดˆ๊ธฐํ™”๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ์ ์€ $Carr_{1}$์ด 0์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 12(a)์—์„œ $D_{1}$์€ sector๊ฐ€ 1์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ์ ์— 0.8์—์„œ 0.5๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐฑ์‹ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ, $Carr_{1}[k]=2/3$์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์‹ (5)์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ $k$๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง์—์„œ vertical crossing์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ $SW_{1}$์€ $k$๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง์—์„œ 0์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐฑ์‹ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” missed edge๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 12(b)์—์„œ $D_{1}$์€ sector๊ฐ€ 2๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ์ ์— 0.5์—์„œ 0.8๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐฑ์‹ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ $Carr_{1}[k]=2/3$์œผ๋กœ ์‹ (5)๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— $k$๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง์—์„œ vertical crossing์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, $k$๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง์—์„œ missed edge๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 13์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 12์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ vertical crossing ์˜ˆ์ธก ๋ฐ ์–ต ์ œ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด ์ ์šฉ๋œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ $Flag_{x}$์€ ๊ฐ ์…€์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ vertical crossing์ด ์˜ˆ์ธก๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. $Flag_{x}$์ด 1์˜ ๊ฐ’์„ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ์‹œ์ ์— ์…€ $x$์—์„œ vertical crossing์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 13(a) ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 13(b)์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ $k-1$๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง์—์„œ $Flag_{1}[k-1]$์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ 1๋กœ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š”, ์ด์ „ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง์— vertical crossing์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ด ์˜ˆ์ธก๋˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ $k$๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง์—์„œ $D_{1}$์€ ๊ฐฑ์‹ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  $D_{1}[k-1]$์˜ ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•ด vertical crossing์ด ์–ต์ œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด $D_{1}$ ๋ณ€์กฐ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ $SW_{1}$์ด $k$๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ๋™์•ˆ ๋ˆ„๋ฝ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ฐฑ์‹ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 13. Vertical crossing ์˜ˆ์ธก ๋ฐ ์–ต์ œ ๊ฒ€์ฆ (a) ๋ฐ˜์†กํŒŒ ์ƒ์Šน, (b) ๋ฐ˜์†กํŒŒ ํ•˜๊ฐ•.

Fig. 13. The verification of prediction and suppression for vertical crossing (a) Positive carrier slope, (b) Negative carrier slope.

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.10.1678/fig13.png

ํ‘œ 5 ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ๊ฒ€์ฆ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ RL๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜์ œ์–ด ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ.

Table 5 Experiment parameters for verification of proposed method in RL load current control.

Parameters

Value

CHB Output voltage ($v _{CHB}$ )

144Vpeak/60Hz

DC-link voltage ($V _{dc,x}$ )

60Vdc

Carrier frequency (fcarr)

1.67kHz

Sampling period (Tsamp)

200ฮผs

RL Load

20ฮฉ/1.9mH

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 14๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 11์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์„ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ RL ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ ์šฉ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ $i_{Load}$, $v_{CHB}$, $v_{cell,\: x}$์˜ ํŒŒํ˜•์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 14(a)๋Š” ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ด๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 14(b)๋Š” ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์‹คํ—˜ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋Š” ํ‘œ 5์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 14(a) ์™€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 14(b)๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ multi-sampling์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐ˜์†กํŒŒ 1์ฃผ๊ธฐ์— 3๋ฒˆ์˜ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ, $Flag_{x}$์˜ ๊ฐ’์€ vertical crossing์ด ๊ฐ ์…€์˜ ๋ ˆ๊ทธ a์—์„œ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, 1์„ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ ˆ๊ทธ b์—์„œ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 2๋ฅผ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์˜ˆ์ธก๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” 0์„ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 14(a)๋Š” ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด ์ ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— $v_{cell,\: x}$์— vertical crossing์— ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ค์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ $v_{CHB}$์—๋„ ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ „์•• ์˜ค์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ $i_{Load}$์— ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์„œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 14(b)๋Š” ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ vertical crossing์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ด ์–ต์ œ๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, $v_{cell,\: x}$, $v_{CHB}$ ์˜ค์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์—ฌ $i_{Load}$์˜ ์„œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 14. RL ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ œ์–ด ์‹œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ๊ฒ€์ฆ (a) ์ ์šฉ ์ „, (b) ์ ์šฉ ํ›„.

Fig. 14. The verification of proposed method in RL load current control (a) before applying, (b) after applying.

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.10.1678/fig14.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 15. RL ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ œ์–ด ์‹œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ์ ์šฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜ FFT ํŒŒํ˜• (a) ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ์ ์šฉ ์ „, (b) ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ์ ์šฉ ํ›„.

Fig. 15. The FFT waveforms of the load current in RL load current control (a) before applying the proposed method, (b) after applying the proposed method.

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.10.1678/fig15.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 15๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 14์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด RL ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ œ์–ด ์‹œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ ์šฉ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ $i_{Load}$์˜ FFT ํŒŒํ˜•์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 15(a)๋Š” ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด ์ ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— $i_{Load}$์— 3, 5, 7์ฐจ ๊ณ ์กฐํŒŒ ๋ฐ ๋น„์ •์ˆ˜๋ฐฐ์˜ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์„ฑ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰ ํฌํ•จ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 15(b)๋Š” ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด $i_{Load}$์— ๊ธฐ๋ณธํŒŒ์˜ ๋น„์ •์ˆ˜๋ฐฐ์˜ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์„ฑ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ, 3, 5, 7์ฐจ ๊ณ ์กฐํŒŒ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ ์—ญ์‹œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 15(a)๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ $i_{Load}$์˜ ํ’ˆ์งˆ์ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋จ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค.

6. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” PS-PWM ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ CHB์—์„œ multi-sampling์„ ์ ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” vertical crossing์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ , vertical crossing์„ ์˜ˆ์ธก ๋ฐ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์—์„œ๋Š” vertical crossing์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ๋ฐ˜์†กํŒŒ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์ง€๋ น์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ vertical crossing์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, vertical crossing์ด ์˜ˆ์ธก๋œ ์…€์€ ์ง€๋ น์„ ๊ฐฑ์‹ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ด์ „ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง์˜ ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜์—ฌ vertical crossing์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ CHB๋Š” multi-sampling์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋งค ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ง€๋ น์ด ๊ฐฑ์‹ ๋˜์–ด๋„ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „์••๊ณผ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ์™œ๊ณก ์—†์ด ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์ด ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์€ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Acknowledgements

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ตญํ† ๊ตํ†ต๋ถ€ ๋ฐ ๊ตญํ† ๊ตํ†ต๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ง„ํฅ์›์˜ ์ง€์›์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์Œ(๊ณผ์ œ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ RS-2024-00417481).

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์ €์ž์†Œ๊ฐœ

๋ฐฉ์ •์œจ (Jeong-Yul Bang)
../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.10.1678/au1.png

He received the B.S. degree in electrical and electronic engineering from Dankook University, Yongin, South Korea, in 2023.

Since 2023, he has been an M.S. student at Dankook University. His research interest includes power conversion, grid-connected systems, and multilevel inverter.

์ตœ๋™ํ˜ธ (Dongho Choi)
../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.10.1678/au2.png

He received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical and computer engineering from Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea, in 2017 and 2019, respectively.

He is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree with the School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dankookใ€€University, Yongin, South Korea.

His research interest include power electric machine drives, grid-connected systems, solid- state transformer, and electric vehicle chargers.

์ด์ค€์„ (June-Seok Lee)
../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.10.1678/au3.png

He received the B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in electrical and computer engineering from Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea, in 2011, 2013, and 2015, respectively.

From 2015 to 2020, he was a Senior Researcher with the Propulsion System Research Team, Korea Railroad Research Institute, Uiwang, South Korea.

In 2020, he joined the School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dankook University, Yongin, South Korea.

His research interests include high-power electric machine drives, grid-connected systems, multilevel inverter, and reliability.