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MVDC, Electrical Safety, Renewable Energy, Power Conversion, Grid Modernization

1. ์„œ ๋ก 

ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธํ™”์™€ ๋ถ„์‚ฐํ˜• ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์ž์›(Distributed Energy Resources, DER)์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์„ผํ„ฐ, ์ „๊ธฐ์ฐจ์ถฉ์ „์†Œ, ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ ๋นŒ๋”ฉ ๋“ฑ ์ง๋ฅ˜(DC) ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰์ฆํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๋™์‹œ์—, ์ง€๊ตฌ ์˜จ๋‚œํ™”์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘, ํ’๋ ฅ ๋“ฑ ์‹ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์˜ ๋ณด๊ธ‰์ด ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๊ต๋ฅ˜(AC) ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ์ง๋ฅ˜(DC) ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ „ํ™˜์„ ๊ฐ€์†ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

์ง๋ฅ˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. LVDC(Low Voltage Direct Current)๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ 1.5kV ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์˜ ์ €์••์ง๋ฅ˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ๋ฐฐ์ „, ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ, ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์„ผํ„ฐ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ MVDC(Medium Voltage Direct Current)๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ 1.5kV์—์„œ 100kV ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์˜ ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์ง€์นญํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์‹ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋‹จ์ง€, ์‚ฐ์—…๋‹จ์ง€ ๋ฐฐ์ „ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ HVDC(High Voltage Direct Current)๋Š” 100kV ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ณ ์•• ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์žฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ „์†ก, ํ•ด์ € ์ผ€์ด๋ธ” ์†ก์ „, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„ ์ „๋ ฅ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ๋“ฑ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค.

MVDC๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋ฉฐ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘ ๋ฐœ์ „์†Œ๋‚˜ ํ•ด์ƒ ํ’๋ ฅ ๋‹จ์ง€ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „์†กํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ๊ณผ ์ „์•• ๋ณ€๋™์ด๋‚˜ ๊ณ ์กฐํŒŒ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ ํ’ˆ์งˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ AC์™€ DC ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ง๋ฅ˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ MVDC๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ์†์‹ค์„ ์ค„์—ฌ ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํšจ์œจ ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค[1].

MVDC ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋„์ž…๊ณผ ํ™•์‚ฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ธฐ์กด AC ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ์•ˆ์ „ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋„˜์–ด DC ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ํ™•์žฅํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ๋Œ€๋‘๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, AC์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ฐจ๋‹จ๊ธฐ, ํ“จ์ฆˆ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ์žฅ์น˜๋“ค์€ DC ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ์˜ ์šด์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒ€ํ† ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋“ฑ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ AC์™€ DC๊ฐ€ ํ˜ผ์žฌ๋œ ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋”์šฑ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์•ˆ์ „ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, LVDC์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ์ „์••๊ณผ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์ด ๋”์šฑ ํฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ MVDC ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ์šด์˜๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ์ „๊ธฐ์•ˆ์ „ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ง๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐฐ์ „ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ LVDC์™€ HVDC๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด MVDC์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ฐ ์•ˆ์ „์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ MVDC ์†ก๋ฐฐ์ „๊ณ„ํ†ต ํ™•๋Œ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „๊ธฐ ์•ˆ์ „ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค.

2. MVDC ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋™ํ–ฅ

๋…์ผ์˜ Siemens๋Š” HVDC ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ถ•์ ๋œ ๋…ธํ•˜์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ MVDC Plus๋ผ๋Š” ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ๋กœ ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์†ก๋ฐฐ์ „ ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๋ชจ๋“ˆํ™”๋œ ์„ค๊ณ„๋กœ ์œ ์—ฐํ•œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ณ ํšจ์œจ์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์— ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋œ ์ œ์–ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค[2]. E.on ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ผํ„ฐ์˜ MVDC ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์•„ํ—จ๋Œ€ํ•™์บ ํผ์Šค ๋‚ด MVDC Grid๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ์บ ํผ์Šค ๋‚ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” MVDC ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ „์•• ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ๊ณผ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ถํ•ด์— ์„ค์น˜๋œ ํ•ด์ƒ ํ’๋ ฅ ๋‹จ์ง€์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œก์ง€๋กœ ์ „์†กํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ MVDC ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

์˜๊ตญ์€ Angle-DC ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด Bangro ๋ณ€์ „์†Œ์™€ Llanfair PG ๋ณ€์ „์†Œ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ AC 33kV ์ „๋ ฅ๋ง์„ ๋Œ€์นญ ๋‹จ๊ทน ยฑ27kV 30MW๊ธ‰ MVDC ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ธฐ์กด AC ์ผ€์ด๋ธ”์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ MVDC ์ „ํ™˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์ฆ๋Œ€ ๋ฐ ์ „๋ ฅ ์†์‹ค ๊ฐ์†Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ค์ฆ๊ณผ MVDC ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ(National Grid)์˜ MVDC ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์˜๊ตญ ์ „์—ญ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์ „๋ง ํ˜„๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ MVDC ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด MVDC ๋ณ€ํ™˜์žฅ์น˜์˜ ์ตœ์  ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ด๋ฐฉ์‹, ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ํ˜‘์กฐ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์žฅ๊ฒ€์ถœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ , AC/DC ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

์Šค์›จ๋ด์€ ABB์˜ MVDC ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด 1MW DC ๋ฐฐ์ „ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์„ผํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜์—ฌ 380V DC ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์„ผํ„ฐ์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค[3]. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํšจ์œจ ํ–ฅ์ƒ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ค์ฆ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ MVDC-LVDC ํ†ตํ•ฉ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์‹ค์ฆ ์‚ฌ์—…์ธ Nupharo Park Project๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฐ์—…๋‹จ์ง€ ๋‚ด MVDC ๋ฐฐ์ „๋ง์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ณ  LVDC ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ „์•• ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์˜ DC ๋ถ€ํ•˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ •๋ถ€ ์ง€์› ํ•˜์— MVDC ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์‚ฐ์—… ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ RISE(Research Institutes of Sweden)์˜ MVDC ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด MVDC ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ์˜ MVDC ํ™œ์šฉ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์šด์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค[4].

๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ EPRI(Electric Power Research Institute)์˜ MVDC ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด MVDC ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ผ์ธ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋กœ MVDC ์ „์•• ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ์ตœ์ ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ MVDC ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ DC ์ฐจ๋‹จ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ฆ์‚ฌ์—…์œผ๋กœ AEP(American Electric Power) ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด Eagle Pass ๋ณ€์ „์†Œ์™€ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ” Piedras Negras ๋ณ€์ „์†Œ๊ฐ„ MVDC ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜์—ฌ VSC ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ 36MVA๊ธ‰ ์ „์••ํ˜• ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์•ˆ์ •ํ™” ๋ฐ ์ „๋ ฅ ํ’ˆ์งˆ ๊ฐœ์„  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค[5].

์ค‘๊ตญ์€ Zhuhai Tangjia Project๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ •๊ฒฉ์ „์•• ยฑ10kV, 40MW ๊ธ‰ 3-terminal MVDC๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณผํ•™์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›(CEPRI)์˜ MVDC ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด MVDC์šฉ ๊ณ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ์†Œ์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ MVDC ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๊ณ ์žฅ ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ฐ ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ณต๊ตฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ƒํ•˜์ด ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณต์‚ฌ์˜ MVDC ์‹ค์ฆ ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋„์‹ฌ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ MVDC

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1. MVDC ๊ตญ์™ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํ˜„ํ™ฉ

Fig. 1. Global Technological Status of MVDC Systems

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.11.2078/fig1.png

์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ง€ํ•˜ ์ผ€์ด๋ธ”์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋„์‹ฌ ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•œ MVDC ์šด์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค[6].

๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋„ MVDC ๊ด€๋ จ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹ค์ฆ ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋กœ MVDC ํ•ต์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๊ตญ์‚ฐํ™” ๋ฐ ์‹ค์šฉํ™”์™€ ์‹ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํšจ์œจ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์— ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ MVDC ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์ฃผ๋„์— ยฑ35kV, 10MW๊ธ‰ DC ๋ฐฐ์ „๋ง์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์•ˆ์ •ํ™” ๋ฐ ์ „๋ ฅํ’ˆ์งˆ ๊ฐœ์„  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋„์‹ฌํ˜• MVDC ๊ตฌ์ถ•์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚˜์ฃผ์— ยฑ20kV, 5MW๊ธ‰ MVDC-LVDC ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์‹ค์ฆ๊ณผ DC ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ์‹œํ‹ฐ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ MVDC ๋ฐฐ์ „๋ง ๊ตฌ์ถ•์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ€์‚ฐ์˜ ์—์ฝ”๋ธํƒ€์‹œํ‹ฐ์—์„œ DC ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „๊ธฐ์ฐจ ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‹ค์ฆ ๋ฐ MVDC ๋ณดํ˜ธ ํ˜‘์กฐ ๋ฐ ์•ˆ์ „ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค[7-9].

3. MVDC ๊ด€๋ จ ์ „๊ธฐ์•ˆ์ „ ๊ธฐ์ˆ 

MVDC๋Š” ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‚ฐ์—…๊ณ„์— ๋งž์ถคํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์—…ํ™” ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์‹ค์ฆ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, 1.5kV~100kV์˜ ์ „์•• ๋ฒ”์œ„๋Š” HVDC์™€ LVDC์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋กœ์„œ MVDC ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ์šด์˜๊ณผ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ „์› ์„ค๊ณ„, ๋ณดํ˜ธ ํ˜‘์กฐ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์ด ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋˜์–ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ ์˜์—ญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „๊ธฐ์•ˆ์ „ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค.

3.1 MVDC ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™” ๊ธฐ์ˆ 

ํ˜„์žฌ MVDC์˜ ์ „์•• ๋ฒ”์œ„๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ ํ‘œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ตญ์ œ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ •์˜๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค.

ํ‘œ 1 MVDC ์ „์•• ๊ธฐ์ค€

Table 1 MVDC Voltage Standards

MVDC Standards

Voltage Range

IEEE

1.5~35kV

CIGRE

1.5~100kV

IEC

-

IEEE(Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers)์—์„œ๋Š” MVDC์˜ ์ „์•• ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ 1.5kV~35kV๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, CIGRE(Conseil International des Grands Reseaux Electriques)์—์„œ๋Š” 1.5kV~100kV์˜ ์ „์•• ๋ฒ”์œ„๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค[10,11]. IEC(International Electrotechnical Commission)์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ MVDC ์ „์•• ๋ฒ”์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •์˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ „๊ธฐ์„ค๋น„๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ธ KEC์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ „์•• ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ 1.5kV~7kV๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์••, 7kV๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํŠน๊ณ ์••์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ LVDC์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ „์•• ๋ฒ”์œ„์—์„œ ํ‘œ์ค€ ์ „์••์ธ 380V๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ DC ๋ฐฐ์ „ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์‹ค์ฆ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. MVDC์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ‘œ์ค€ ์ „์••์ด ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ๊ทœ์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์•ˆ์ „ ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •์˜๊ฐ€ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ •์˜์™€ ํ‘œ์ค€์€ MVDC ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„์™€ ๊ตฌ์ถ•์— ์žˆ์–ด ํ˜ผ๋ž€์„ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ „๊ธฐ์•ˆ์ „ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ๋„ DC-DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋‚˜ ์ฐจ๋‹จ๊ธฐ, ๋ณดํ˜ธ์„ค๋น„์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” MVDC ์ „์•• ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋ฐ ํ‘œ์ค€ ์ „์••์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์ธ ํ•ฉ์˜๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์„ค๊ณ„, ์‹œ๊ณต, ์šด์šฉ, ์œ ์ง€๋ณด์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์ง€์นจ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.

3.2 ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ 

MVDC ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ DC-DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋Š” ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ MVDC์™€ LVDC ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ „์•• ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์˜ MVDC ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” DC-DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„์™€ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค[12]. ๊ณ ํšจ์œจ DC-DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ํ† ํด๋กœ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ Dual Active Bridge(DAB) ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋‚˜, Modular Multilevel Converter(MMC) ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ DC-DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ, Resonant DC-DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ๋“ฑ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ณ ์† ์Šค์œ„์น˜ ์ œ์–ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ฐ ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ ์šด์ „ ์ œ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. DAB ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ „๋‹ฌ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

(์‹ 1)
$p=\dfrac{V_{1}V_{2}ฯ†(\pi - | ฯ† |)}{2\pi^{2}f L}$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, $V_{1},\: V_{2}$ : 1์ฐจ, 2์ฐจ ์ธก ์ „์••[V]

$ฯ†$ : ์œ„์ƒ์ฐจ[ยฐ]

$f$ : ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜[Hz]

$L$ : ๋ˆ„์„ค ์ธ๋•ํ„ด์Šค[mH]

์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ DC-DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์—์„œ์˜ $dv/dt$ ๋ณ€ํ™”์œจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ ˆ์—ฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ๊ณผ $di/dt$ ๋ณ€ํ™”์œจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ EMI ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๋ฐ ์„œ์ง€ ์ „์••์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ์ œ ํ‘œ์ค€์ธ IEC 62477-2 ์—์„œ๋Š” MVDC ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•ˆ์ „ ์š”๊ตฌ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ตญ์ œ ํ‘œ์ค€์— ์˜๊ฑฐํ•œ DC-DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ ˆ์—ฐ๋‚ด๋ ฅ์„ ์‹œํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜จ๋„ ์ƒ์Šน ์‹œํ—˜ ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ ์ธ์ฆ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด MVDC ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ณ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ, ๊ณ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์˜ DC-DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค๋ฉด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค.

3.3 EMC(์ „์ž๊ธฐ ์ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ) ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ 

DC-DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™˜๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” CMV(Common Mode Voltage)๋Š” MVDC ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋กœ์„œ ํŠนํžˆ ์ „์••๊ณผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก CMV์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์ปค์ง€๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด๋ฅผ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค[13]. ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™˜์žฅ์น˜์˜ ์Šค์œ„์น˜ ๋™์ž‘์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ CMV๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ถœํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ CMV ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ CMV ์ „ํŒŒ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์„ ํ†ตํ•ด CMV๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ด‘ํ•™์‹ ์ „์•• ์„ผ์„œ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ณ ์ •๋ฐ€ CMV ์ธก์ • ์„ผ์„œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ทจ๋“ ๋ฐ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ AI ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ CMV ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด CMV๋ฅผ ์ €๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด์ ์ธ ํ•„ํ„ฐ(ํŒจ์‹œ๋ธŒ, ๋Šฅ๋™์ „๋ ฅ, ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๋“ฑ)๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ด์Šค ๋ฒกํ„ฐ PWM ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋‚˜ ์‚ผ๊ฐํŒŒ ์บ๋ฆฌ์–ด ๋ณ€์กฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ๋“ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด์ ์ธ ์ €๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ CMV ์ €๊ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•„ํ„ฐ ์„ค๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

(์‹ 2)
$f_{c}=\dfrac{1}{2\pi\sqrt{LC}}$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, $f_{c}$ : ์ฐจ๋‹จ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜[Hz]

$L$ : ํ•„ํ„ฐ ์ธ๋•ํ„ด์Šค[H]

$C$ : ํ•„ํ„ฐ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ด์Šค[F]

(์‹ 3)
$ฮถ =\dfrac{R}{2\sqrt{\dfrac{L}{C}}}$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, $ฮถ$ : ๋Œํ•‘ ๋น„

$L$ : ํ•„ํ„ฐ ์ธ๋•ํ„ด์Šค[H]

$C$ : ํ•„ํ„ฐ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ด์Šค[F]

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ƒ์ •์‚ฌ๊ณ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋‹จ๋ฝ ์‚ฌ๊ณ , ์ง€๋ฝ ์‚ฌ๊ณ , ์„œ์ง€ ์œ ์ž… ๋“ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์‹œ CMV๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  RTDS๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ CMV ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์ถœ ๋ฐ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ํ˜‘์กฐ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2. ์ถฉ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์šด์ „์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ CMV ํฌ๊ธฐ

Fig. 2. CMV Magnitude According to Charge and Discharge Operation

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.11.2078/fig2.png

IT์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ์˜ CMC(Common Mode Current)๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋ˆ„์„ค์ „๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ๊ณผ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์— ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™˜์žฅ์น˜์˜ ์Šค์œ„์น˜ ๋™์ž‘์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ CMC ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ๋ณ„ ๊ธฐ์ƒ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ด์Šค ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์„ ํ†ตํ•ด CMC์˜ ์ „ํŒŒ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋“ฑ๊ฐ€ ํšŒ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, CMC๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ด‘๋Œ€์—ญ CMC ์„ผ์„œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  FFT ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„์„, ์›จ์ด๋ธ”๋ฆฟ์„ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„-์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์˜์—ญ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด CMC๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.

CMC๊ฐ€ ์ ‘์ง€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ ‘์ง€ ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ•˜์—ฌ CMC์— ์˜ํ•œ ์œ ํšจ ์ ‘์ง€ ์ €ํ•ญ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. CMC์˜ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

(์‹ 4)
$I(w)=\int i(t)e^{-jwt}dt$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, $I(w)$ : ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ

$i(t)$ : ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜[A]

์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ์ ‘์ง€์ ์—์„œ์˜ CMC ์ˆœํ™˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ํ˜•์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ณผ๋„ ์ ‘์ง€ ์ƒ์Šน์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, CMC๋ฅผ ์ €๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ Y-์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์ ์šฉ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด CMC ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์œ„์ƒ ์‹œํ”„ํŠธ PWM ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(์‹ 5)
$C_{Y}=\dfrac{1}{2\pi f X_{c}}$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, $C_{Y}$ : Y-์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰[F]

$f$ : ๋ชฉํ‘œ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜[Hz]

$X_{c}$ : ๋ชฉํ‘œ ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค[ฮฉ]

CMC ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ์ ์šฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด MVDC ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ ‘์ง€ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ๊ณผ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํŠนํžˆ, CMC๋กœ ์ธํ•œ EMI ๋ฌธ์ œ, ์ ‘์ง€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์ €ํ•˜, ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์˜ค๋™์ž‘ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ด์Šˆ๋ฅผ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ MVDC ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.

3.4 ์ ‘์ง€ ๋ฐ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ 

MVDC ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ์˜ ์ ‘์ง€ ์„ค๊ณ„๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ๊ณผ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์— ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ AC ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ DC์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์ ‘์ง€ ์„ค๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค[14].

MVDC ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ์˜ ์ ‘์ง€ ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋œ๋‹ค.

(์‹ 6)
$Z_{g}=\sqrt{R_{g}^{2}+(w L_{g})^{2}}$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, $R_{g}$ : ์ ‘์ง€์ €ํ•ญ[ฮฉ]

$L_{g}$ : ์ ‘์ง€์ธ๋•ํ„ด์Šค[mH]

$w$ : ๊ฐ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜[rad/s]

IT๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์ ‘์ง€์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ์˜ ์ง€๋ฝ์ „๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋œ๋‹ค.

(์‹ 7)
$I_{f}=\dfrac{V}{\sqrt{R_{f}^{2}+X_{c}^{2}}}$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, $V$ : ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ „์••[V]

$R_{f}$ : ๊ณ ์žฅ ์ €ํ•ญ[ฮฉ]

$X_{c}$ : ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ฑ ๋ฆฌ์•กํ„ด์Šค[ฮฉ]

์ฃผ๋กœ DC ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ๋Š” IT ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์ ‘์ง€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ง€๋ฝ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ณ ์žฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์ ๊ณ  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์šด์ „์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์ง€๋ฝ ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ ์–ด ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์œ„์น˜ ๊ฒ€์ถœ์ด ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋‹จ์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

์ด์— IEC 60364์—์„œ๋Š” IT ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์ ˆ์—ฐ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” IMD๋ฅผ ์‹œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ Pulse ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ IMD๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ ˆ์—ฐ ์ƒํƒœ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์˜ค๋™์ž‘์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ „์•• ๋ฐ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ ‘์ง€ ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค๋ฅผ ์ตœ์ ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€์ง€ ์ €ํ•ญ๋ฅ  ์ธก์ • ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ ‘์ง€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์„œ์ง€ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์žฅ์น˜(SPD) ์„ ์ • ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ํ˜‘์กฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ˆ„์„ค ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์„ผ์„œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ˆ„์„ค ์ „๋ฅ˜ ํŒจํ„ด ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์ด์ƒ ์œ ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.

DC ์ ‘์ง€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „์‹์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ํฌ์ƒ ์–‘๊ทน๋ฒ•, ์Œ๊ทน ๋ฐฉ์‹๋ฒ• ๋“ฑ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ์ „์‹์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ค๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ธ์ฒด ์•ˆ์ „ ์ „์•• ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด MVDC์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ ํ—ˆ์šฉ ์ ‘์ด‰ ์ „์••, ๋ณดํญ ์ „์••์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ  ๋“ฑ์ „์œ„ ๋ณธ๋”ฉ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์ „์••์„ ์ €๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „๊ณ„ ํ•ด์„์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์•ˆ์ „ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฐ์ •์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3. IT ์ ‘์ง€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ

Fig. 3. IT Grounding System

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.11.2078/fig3.png

3.5 ์ ˆ์—ฐ ๋ฐ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ํ˜‘์กฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ 

MVDC ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ์šด์˜์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ํ˜‘์กฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™˜์žฅ์น˜์˜ ์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ณ ์žฅ ์ฐจ๋‹จ์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์žฅ์น˜ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์šฐ์„  ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ „๋กœ๋ณดํ˜ธ์™€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” DC ์ฐจ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์™€ DC ํ“จ์ฆˆ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค. MVDC ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๊ณ ์žฅ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ DC ๋‹จ๋ฝ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€๋ฝ ๋ฐ ์•„ํฌ ๊ณ ์žฅ ๋“ฑ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ ‘์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ ํ•ด์„๊ณผ DC ์•„ํฌ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๋ฐ ์ง€์† ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜ ๋ถ„์„์ด ์šฐ์„ ์‹œ ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. DC ์ฐจ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ฐจ๋‹จ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ฐ˜๋น„๋ก€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„-์ „๋ฅ˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(์‹ 8)
$t =\dfrac{k}{(\dfrac{I}{I_{n}- 1})^{ฮฑ}}$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, $t$ : ์ฐจ๋‹จ ์‹œ๊ฐ„[s]

$k$ : ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ƒ์ˆ˜

$I_{n}$ : ์ •๊ฒฉ์ „๋ฅ˜[A]

$\alpha$ : ํŠน์„ฑ์ง€์ˆ˜(์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ $1<\alpha <2$)

๊ณ ์žฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐจ๋‹จํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ DC ์ฐจ๋‹จ๊ธฐ(DCCB) ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณ ์† ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๊ฐœํ, ์•„ํฌ ์†Œํ˜ธ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์‹, SiC, GaN ๋“ฑ ์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€ ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ์†Œ์ž๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด์‹, ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์‹๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด์‹์˜ ์žฅ์ ์„ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•œ ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ DCCB ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, MVDC์šฉ ๊ณ ์† ํ“จ์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ  I2t ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์ตœ์ ํ™” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— MVDC์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ์ „๋žต์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„๋ณ„ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ์˜์—ญ์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ ์ฃผ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์™€ ํ›„๋น„๋ณดํ˜ธ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์ „๋ ฅ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ๊ณ ์žฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๊ฒ€์ถœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™˜์žฅ์น˜์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ ์† ์Šค์œ„์นญ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ณ ์žฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๊ณ  IEC 61850 ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ํ†ต์‹  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด GOOSE ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ๊ณ ์† ํŠธ๋ฆฝ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์ „์†ก ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4. ๋ณดํ˜ธ ํ˜‘์กฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ

Fig. 4. Protection Coordination System

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.11.2078/fig4.png

MVDC ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ์˜ IMD ํ™œ์šฉ์€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ ˆ์—ฐ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ณ ์žฅ์„ ๊ฒ€์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. IMD๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ณดํ˜ธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ํ˜‘์กฐ ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค[15-17]. ํŠนํžˆ, ์ ˆ์—ฐ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด IMD์˜ ๋™์ž‘์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ ์†๋„ ์‘๋‹ต์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ ˆ์—ฐ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ„์‚ฐํ˜• ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ์ธก์ •์  IMD ์„ผ์„œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ตฌ์ถ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ธก์ • ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ์ •ํ™•๋„๋ฅผ ํ–ฅ์ƒํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, IMD ๋™์ž‘์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  IMD ๋™์ž‘ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋Œ€์‘ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.

3.6 DC ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ๋ฐ ์•ˆ์ „์ง„๋‹จ ๊ธฐ์ˆ 

MVDC ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์šด์˜์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ๋ฐ ์•ˆ์ „ ์ง„๋‹จ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค[18-22]. ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž ์žฌ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์กฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ „์••, ์ „๋ฅ˜, ์˜จ๋„, ์ง„๋™ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์„ผ์„œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•œ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ์„ผ์„œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์„ค๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ณ ์† ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ทจ๋“ ์žฅ์น˜(DAQ) ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด 1์ฐจ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋น…๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๊ณ„์—ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ถ„์„ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์ƒ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๊ฒ€์ถœํ•˜๊ณ  ๋จธ์‹  ๋Ÿฌ๋‹์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ๊ณ ์žฅ ์˜ˆ์ธก, ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์˜ˆ์ธก ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํŠธ์œˆ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ƒ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ƒ ํ™•๋ฅ  ๋ฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์‘ ์ „๋žต์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” CBRM(Condition Based Risk Management) ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜์–ด ์„ค๋น„๋ณ„ ์ด๋ ฅ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ์ƒํƒœ ํ‰๊ฐ€์™€ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋น„์šฉ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž์‚ฐ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ค๋น„์˜ ์ค‘์š”๋„ ๋ฐ ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์šฐ์„  ์ˆœ์œ„์˜ ์ •๋น„ ์ผ์ •์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐ ์ €์žฅ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  API๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ •๋ณด, ์ „๋ ฅ ์‹œ์žฅ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋“ฑ์˜ ํƒ€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ณต์œ ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด DC Digital Platform์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5. DC ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋„

Fig. 5. DC Digital Platform

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.11.2078/fig5.png

4. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ณด๊ธ‰ ํ™•๋Œ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ MVDC ๊ณ„ํ†ต ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋™ํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ „๊ธฐ์•ˆ์ „ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. MVDC ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ ์žก์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ด€๋ จ ์•ˆ์ „ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ๋„ ๋”์šฑ ์ปค์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. MVDC ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ, ๋ถ๋ฏธ, ์•„์‹œ์•„ ๋“ฑ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์ฆ ์‚ฌ์—…๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์‚ฌ์—…์ด ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์— ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์‹ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ†ตํ•ฉ, ์ „๋ ฅ ํ’ˆ์งˆ ํ–ฅ์ƒ, ๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ ์ฆ๋Œ€ ๋“ฑ์ด ์ฃผ์š” ๋ชฉ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์— MVDC ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์•ˆ์ „ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ „์› ์„ค๊ณ„, ์ ‘์ง€ ์„ค๊ณ„, ๋ณดํ˜ธ ํ˜‘์กฐ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ ํ™•๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š” MVDC ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ์˜ ์•ˆ์ „ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ถ„์•ผ๋ฅผ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

์ฃผ์š” ๋ถ„์•ผ

๋‚ด ์šฉ

MVDC ์„ค๋น„ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ

ํ‘œ์ค€ ์ „์••, DC-DC์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ, DC์ฐจ๋‹จ๊ธฐ, DCํ“จ์ฆˆ ๋“ฑ ์„ค๋น„ ์‹œ์„ค ๊ธฐ์ค€

MVDC ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋ชจ์˜ ์‹ค์ฆ

์ง€๋ฝ, ๋‹จ๋ฝ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋ชจ์˜, RTDS ๋“ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์‹ค์ฆ

MVDC ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ

DC-DC์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ, ๋ณดํ˜ธ์žฅ์น˜ ์ ˆ์—ฐ์ €ํ•ญ, ์ ‘์ง€์ €ํ•ญ, ์ „์„ ๋กœ, ํ”ผ๋ขฐ๊ธฐ, ํ‘œ์ค€ ํ†ต์‹  ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ ๋“ฑ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์ค€

MVDC ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์›์ธ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์‘ ์ฒด๊ณ„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ

์‚ฌ๊ณ ์›์ธ ๋ถ„์„๊ธฐ์ˆ , ํ˜„์žฅ ๋Œ€์‘ ๋งค๋‰ด์–ผ, ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ, ์œ„ํ—˜์˜ˆ์ธก, ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ

์šฐ์„  ๊ตญ์ œ ํ‘œ์ค€์— ์˜๊ฑฐํ•œ ํ‘œ์ค€์ „์•• ๋ฐ, DC-DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ, ๋ณดํ˜ธ์žฅ์น˜ ๋“ฑ MVDC ์„ค๋น„ ์‹œ์„ค ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์ •๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€๋ฝ, ๋‹จ๋ฝ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋ชจ์˜ ๋ฐ RTDS ๋“ฑ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์‹ค์ฆ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ MVDC ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ ์„ค๋น„์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์›์ธ ๋ถ„์„, ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ๋“ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งค๋‰ด์–ผ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์•ˆ์ „ ์ง„๋‹จ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ ๊ทธ ์˜์—ญ์ด ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.

์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์‹ค์ •์— ๋งž๋Š” MVDC ์•ˆ์ „ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ผ์ธ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฐํ•™์—ฐ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ MVDC ์•ˆ์ „ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ• ๋ฐ ๊ตญ์ œ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™” ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์„ ๋„์ ์ธ ์—ญํ• ๊ณผ ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ ์ธ๋ ฅ ์–‘์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋“ฑ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.

MVDC ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์„ค๋กœ์จ ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ๊ณผ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ •์ฑ…์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ จ ์‚ฌ์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •๋ถ€ ์ฐจ์›์ด ์ง€์›์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ํ˜‘์˜์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ํ† ๋ก ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์‹ค์ฆ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, MVDC ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ์˜ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”๋œ ์ „์•• ์„ค์ •, ์ฃผ์š” ์•ˆ์ „ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์„ธ๋ถ„ํ™”, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹ค์ฆ ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์•ˆ์ „ ์šด์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํ™•๋ณด ๋“ฑ์ด ์‹œ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. MVDC ์†ก๋ฐฐ์ „ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ์•ˆ์ „ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ ์ œ์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์šฐ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ „ํ™˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ ํ™•๋ณด์™€ ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ „์— ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค.

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์ €์ž์†Œ๊ฐœ

์ž„ํ˜„์„ฑ (Hyun Sung Lim)
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He received the B.S. and M.S degrees in electrical engineering from the Incheon University, Korea, in 2006, 2008 and Ph. D. degree in IT Convergence system from the Jeonbuk University, Korea, in 2019. He is currently a professor in Korea Polytechnics. His research fields include renewable energy safety, energy storage system safety

https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2653-7281