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  1. (Green Energy System Research Center, Gwangju Reginal Division, Korea Automotive Technology Institute(KATECH), South Korea.)



Baseline Correction, Battery, Energy Management System, Electric Tractor, Hydrogen Fuel Cell, Super Capacitor

1. ์„œ ๋ก 

๋†์—…์šฉ ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋†๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์žฅ์ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฃผํ–‰ ๋˜๋Š” ์ •์ง€ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋†์—…๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋กœ ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ์ž๋™์ฐจ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ €์†์—์„œ ๋†’์€ ๊ฒฌ์ธ๋ ฅ์„ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ด๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ๋Š” ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ์˜ ํ›„๋‹จ์— ์Ÿ๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋Ÿฌ ๋“ฑ์„ ์žฅ์ฐฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฌ์ธํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋™๋ ฅ ์ธ์ถœ ์žฅ์น˜(Power Take Off)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ํ™”๋œ ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์— ์—”์ง„์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ํ™”๋œ ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ๋Š” PTO์—์„œ ์ถ”์ถœํ•œ ๋™๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์šด๋‚ ์„ ํšŒ์ „์‹œ์ผœ ํ† ์–‘์„ ๊ฒฝ์šด ์‡„ํ† ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋†์—…์šฉ ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ณด์œ ๋Œ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ ์ง„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ถ”์„ธ์ธ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ˜•ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ 100๋งˆ๋ ฅ ์ด์ƒ๊ธ‰ ์‹œ์žฅ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋Š” ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ๊ตญ์™ธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋„“์€ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ๋ฉด์ ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ˜•ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋†์—…์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋†์—…๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ํ™œ์šฉ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ตญ๋‚ดยท์™ธ ์ˆ˜์š”์™€ ๋Œ€ํ˜•ํ™” ์ถ”์„ธ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๋•Œ ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๋งˆ๋ ฅ๋Œ€์˜ ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค.

๋†์—…์šฉ ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋””์ ค์—”์ง„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๋น„๋„๋กœ ์ด๋™์˜ค์—ผ์›์œผ๋กœ ๋“ฑ๋ก๋Œ€์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€๋น„ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋†’์€ ํŽธ์— ์†ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋Š” ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋†์—…๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ ๊ฐ€์Šค ์ธ์ฆ ์˜๋ฌดํ™”๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ ์ค‘์— ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋†์—…๊ธฐ๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐฐ์ถœํ—ˆ์šฉ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๊ทœ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์‹ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๊ธ‰์†ํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ „๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์†Œ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ฒจ๋‹จ๋†๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค[1]. ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์  ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋™๋ ฅ์ „๋‹ฌ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์ „๊ธฐ๋ชจํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋™ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์ฃผ์ฒด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ณ ์ „์•• ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์†Œ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ตฌ๋™ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๋น„๊ต์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ  ์ €๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œํ˜• ๋†์—…๊ธฐ๊ณ„์— ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ๊ณ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์ž‘์—…์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ˜• ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์†Œ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๊ตฌ๋™ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๋‹ค[2].

ํ•œํŽธ, ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์†Œ๋น„ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€์Šค ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€, ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ, ์Šˆํผ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค[3, 4]. ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์›์˜ ์šด์ „์ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ํšจ์œจ ํ–ฅ์ƒ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์—ฐ์žฅ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์†Œ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์˜ ๋™์  ์‘๋‹ต์„ฑ ๋ฐ ํšจ์œจํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ „๋žต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค[5, 6]. ๋†์—…์šฉ ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋„๋กœ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๋ณ€๋™์ด ํฐ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž‘์—…ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ํ† ์–‘ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋žœ๋ค ๋ถ€ํ•˜ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ํฐ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๋ณ€๋™ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋œ๋‹ค[7]. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ˜•ํ™” ์ถ”์„ธ์™€ ๊ณ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ž‘์—…์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์ˆ˜์†Œ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ „๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋™ ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ œ์–ด ์ „๋žต์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ฃผํ–‰ ๋ฐ ๋†์ž‘์—… ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ€ํ•˜ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ œ์–ด์ „๋žต ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ œ์–ด์ „๋žต์€ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„  ์ถ”์ •๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผํ–‰ ๋ฐ ๋†์ž‘์—… ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ €์ฃผํŒŒ์˜์—ญ๊ณผ ๊ณ ์ฃผํŒŒ ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•˜์—ฌ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์›์˜ ์šด์ „์ ์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ค€์„  ์ถ”์ •๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ €์ฃผํŒŒ ์˜์—ญ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ณด์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ์˜ ๋žœ๋ค ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๋‹ค[8-10].

๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ˜•ํ™” ์ถ”์„ธ์™€ ๊ณ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ž‘์—…์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์ˆ˜์†Œ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ 110kW๊ธ‰ ์ „๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋™ ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ฃผํ–‰ ๋ฐ ๋†์ž‘์—… ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์ค€์„  ์ถ”์ •๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ œ์–ด์ „๋žต์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

2. ์ˆ˜์†Œ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ „๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋™ ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ

110kW๊ธ‰ ์ˆ˜์†Œ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ „๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋™ ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์›์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฃผํ–‰๊ณผ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์†Œ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ „๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋™ ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ์˜ ํŒŒ์›ŒํŠธ๋ ˆ์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด์„๋ชจ๋ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค.

2.1 ํŒŒ์›ŒํŠธ๋ ˆ์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ

์ˆ˜์†Œ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ „๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋™ ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ „๊ธฐ์  ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์›์€ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์Šคํƒ, ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ์Šˆํผ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์Šˆํผ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์Šคํƒ์„ ๋ณด์กฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์„ ์›ํ™œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ฃผํ–‰ ๋ฐ ์ž‘์—… ์‹œ ์š”๊ตฌ์ถœ๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋Š” ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์™€ ๋ชจํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋™์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฃผํ–‰๋ชจํ„ฐ์™€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ํ™”๋œ ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ ๊ตฌ๋™์„ ์œ„ํ•œ PTO ๋ชจํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1. ์ˆ˜์†Œ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ „๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋™ ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ๋ฆ„๋„

Fig. 1. Energy flow of electric tractor based on hydrogen fuel cell

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.3.559/fig1.png

2.2 ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ

์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์™€ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์–‘์€ ํ‘œ 1๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

ํ‘œ 1 ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์‹œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์‚ฌ์–‘

Table 1 The specifications of fuel cell system

Parameter

Units

Value

Fuel Cell

Rated Power

kW

70

Peak Power

kW

90

Battery

Rated Power

kW

20

Peak Power

kW

40

Capacity

kWh

20

์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€๋Š” ๋†’์€ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฐ€๋„ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ์†Œํ˜•ํ™”, ๊ฒฝ๋Ÿ‰ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ PEMFC (Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells)๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. PEMFC๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๋ง‰์„ ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€๋กœ ์ด‰๋งค๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋œ ์ „๊ทน๊ณผ ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค[11].

์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์บ์†Œ๋“œ ์ธก์˜ ๋ถ„๊ทน ๊ณก์„ ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์œ ๋„๋œ ์ „๊ธฐ-ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์˜ ์ „์••์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ์‹ (1)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ •์˜๋œ๋‹ค.

(1)
$U_{cell}=U_{ocv}-V_{o hmic}-V_{act}-V_{CCL}-V_{GDL}$

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2. ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์Šคํƒ์˜ ๋ถ„๊ทน๊ณก์„ 

Fig. 2. Fuel cell steady-state polarization curve

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.3.559/fig2.png

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ $U_{ocv}$๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉํšŒ๋กœ ์ „์••, $V_{o hmic}$์€ ์…€ ์ €ํ•ญ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ „์••์†์‹ค, $V_{act}$์€ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์ „์••์†์‹ค, $V_{CCL}$์€ ์บ์†Œ๋“œ ์ด‰๋งค์ธต์—์„œ์˜ ์‚ฐ์†Œ ์ˆ˜์†ก์†์‹ค๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ „์••์†์‹ค, $V_{GDL}$์€ ๊ฐ€์Šค ํ™•์‚ฐ์ธต์—์„œ์˜ ์‚ฐ์†Œ ์ˆ˜์†ก์†์‹ค๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ „์••์†์‹ค์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€ ์Šคํƒ์€ Jules Sery์™€ Pierre Leduc๊ฐ€ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ๋ถ„๊ทน๊ณก์„ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค[12].

์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์†์‹ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์…€ ์ „์œ„๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ณ , ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ธ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ €ํ•ญ์†์‹ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ „๋ฅ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„ ํ˜•์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค.

๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉํšŒ๋กœ์ „์••์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์ „์••์†Œ์Šค์›๊ณผ ์ง๋ ฌ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์ €ํ•ญ์†์‹ค ํšŒ๋กœ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋™์ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ถ€ํ•˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „์••ํŠน์„ฑํ•ด์„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ด์ƒ์˜ RC ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์…€ ์ „์••์€ ์‹ (2)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋œ๋‹ค.

(2)
$U_{cell}=U_{ocv}-I_{cell}R_{o hmic}-\sum_{k=1}^{n}\dfrac{Q_{k}}{C_{k}}$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ $U_{ocv}$๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉํšŒ๋กœ์ „์••, $I_{cell}$์€ ์ถฉ์ „ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์ „๋ฅ˜, $R_{o hmic}$์€ ์ง๋ ฌ๋‚ด๋ถ€์ €ํ•ญ, $n$์€ RC ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜, $Q_{k}$๋Š” ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์ „ํ•˜๋Ÿ‰, $C_{k}$๋Š” RC ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ด์Šค์ด๋‹ค.

2.3 ์Šˆํผ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ

์Šˆํผ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋†’์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฐ€๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฆฌํŠฌ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋†’์€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋ฐ€๋„, ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์ €ํ•ญ, ๋„“์€ ์ž‘๋™์˜จ๋„๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋ฐ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ถฉยท๋ฐฉ์ „ ์žฌ์ˆœํ™˜์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์Šˆํผ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋Š” ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ ์ธ ํ”ผํฌ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ ๋‹นํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์Šˆํผ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ์–‘์€ ํ‘œ 2์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

ํ‘œ 2 ์Šˆํผ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ์–‘

Table 2 The specifications of super-capacitor

Parameter

Units

Value

Capacitance

F

2.08

Nominal Voltage

V

500~700

Nominal Current

A

40

Equivalent series resistance

mโ„ฆ

604.83

Leakage Resistance

Mโ„ฆ

100

3. ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ ์ฃผํ–‰ ๋ฐ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„

์‹ค์ œ ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ฃผํ–‰ ๋ฐ ์ž‘์—… ์‹œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋™๊ธ‰ ๋‚ด์—ฐ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ทจ๋“ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ทจ๋“๋œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ค€์„  ์ถ”์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ณ€๋™๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„๊ต๋ถ„์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

3.1 ๊ธฐ์ค€์„  ์ถ”์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•

๊ธฐ์ค€์„  ์ถ”์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ถ„์„ ์šฉ์ด์„ฑ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ €์ฃผํŒŒ ์˜์—ญ์˜ baseline์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ณด์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋กœ EEG(ElectroEncephaloGraphy), ๋ผ๋งŒ ๋ถ„๊ด‘ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์˜์—ญ์˜ ์žก์Œ์ด ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์—ญ์˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์ถ”์ถœ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ค€์„  ์ถ”์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ Least Square๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ AsLS(Asymmetric Least Square), airPLS(Adaptive iteratively Reweighted Penalized Least Square), arPLS(Asymmetrically Reweighted PLS)์™€ Sliding window method๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ Novel sliding window baseline subtraction, Matlab์˜ msbackadj ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค[5-7]. Least square ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Baseline Correction์€ Least square ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์„ ์ •ํ•œ ํ›„, ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ์ถ”์ •ํ•œ Baseline์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ Least square ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ตœ์†Œ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ–๋„๋ก ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜์—ฌ Baseline์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค[8]. Sliding-window๋Š” ๊ฐ Window ๋‚ด ๊ทน๊ฐ’์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ Regression์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ baseline์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. Least square์— ๋น„ํ•ด Local Fluctuation์„ ๋” ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ Window size ์กฐ์ •์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํญ์ด ๋„“์€ Peak ์ถ”์ • ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ค€์„  ์ถ”์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์— ๊ณ ์ฃผํŒŒ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ Spline ๋ณด๊ฐ„๋ฒ•์ด๋‚˜ Savitzky-Golay ํ•„ํ„ฐ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ Smoothing ์ž‘์—…์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค.

ํŠนํžˆ, ๊ธฐ์กด ๋™๊ธ‰ ๋‚ด์—ฐ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ์—์„œ ์ทจ๋“ํ•œ ์š”๊ตฌ๋ถ€ํ•˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ณ€๋™ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์Šคํƒ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์Šคํƒ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์— ํ•ด๋‹น๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ๊ณผ์˜ ๋ณ€๋™ ์ถ”์ด๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํƒ€๋‹นํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ค€์„  ์ถ”์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์š”๊ตฌ์ถœ๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ณ€๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ถ”์ •๋œ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์€ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์Šคํƒ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ œ์–ด์— ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ํšจ์œจ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

3.2 ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‚ด์—ฐ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ์–‘

ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ฃผํ–‰ ๋ฐ ๋†์ž‘์—… ๋ถ€ํ•˜ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์†Œ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ „๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋™ ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ์™€ ๋™๊ธ‰ ์—”์ง„ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋‚ด์—ฐ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ œ์›์€ ํ‘œ 3๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

ํ‘œ 3 ๋‚ด์—ฐ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ์–‘

Table 3 The specifications of internal combustion engine tractor

Parameter

Units

Value

์ „์žฅ

mm

4,490

์ „ํญ

mm

2,500

๋†’์ด

mm

3,010

์ค‘๋Ÿ‰

kg

6,195

์ „๋ฐฉ ํƒ€์ด์–ด ๊ทœ๊ฒฉ

-

420/85R28

ํ›„๋ฐฉ ํƒ€์ด์–ด ๊ทœ๊ฒฉ

-

520/85R38

์ตœ๋Œ€ ์—”์ง„ ๋งˆ๋ ฅ

kW

124

์ •๊ฒฉ ์†๋„

rpm

2,200

ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ฃผํ–‰ ๋ฐ ์ž‘์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œํ—˜์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋„๋กœ์ฃผํ–‰ ๋ฐ ๋กœํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž‘์—… ์‹œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ์—”์ง„์˜ ํšŒ์ „์†๋„, ํ† ํฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ ์†Œ์š”๋™๋ ฅ์„ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3. ๋‚ด์—ฐ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ํŠน์„ฑ ์‹œํ—˜

Fig. 3. Agricultural operation characteristic analysis of internal combustion engine tractor

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.3.559/fig3.png

3.3 ๋„๋กœ์ฃผํ–‰

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋„๋กœ์ฃผํ–‰ ์‹œ ํ‰๊ท ์†๋„๋Š” 20km/h, ์ตœ๋Œ€์†๋„๋Š” 40km/h, ํ‰๊ท ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” 66.9kW, ์ตœ๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” 106.3kW๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4. ๋„๋กœ์ฃผํ–‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์š”๊ตฌ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์†๋„

Fig. 4. Demand power and vehicle speed for road driving

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.3.559/fig4.png

๋„๋กœ์ฃผํ–‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์š”๊ตฌ์ถœ๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ถ”์ •๋œ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์š”๊ตฌ์ถœ๋ ฅ์„

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5. ๋„๋กœ์ฃผํ–‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์š”๊ตฌ์ถœ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ 

Fig. 5. Demand power and baseline for road driving

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.3.559/fig5.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6. ๋„๋กœ์ฃผํ–‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์กฐ์ •๋œ ์š”๊ตฌ์ถœ๋ ฅ

Fig. 6. Corrected demand load for road driving

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.3.559/fig6.png

๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์กฐ์ •๋œ ์š”๊ตฌ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๋ณ€๋™์€ 51.83kW์ด๋‹ค.

3.4 ๋กœํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž‘์—…

๋กœํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž‘์—… ์‹œ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์†๋„๋Š” ์•ฝ 3km/h์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ‰๊ท ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” 44.26kW, ์ตœ๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” 98kW์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ค€์„  ์ถ”์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋กœํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž‘์—… ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ถ„์„์€ ๋„๋กœ์ฃผํ–‰๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์š”๊ตฌ์ถœ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์กฐ์ •๋œ ์š”๊ตฌ์ถœ๋ ฅ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋กœํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž‘์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์š”๊ตฌ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ณ€๋™์€ 76.67kW๋กœ ๋„๋กœ์ฃผํ–‰์—์„œ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์€ ๋ณ€๋™์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7. ๋กœํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž‘์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์š”๊ตฌ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์†๋„

Fig. 7. Demand power and vehicle speed for rotary operation

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.3.559/fig7.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8. ๋กœํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž‘์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์กฐ์ •๋œ ์š”๊ตฌ ์ถœ๋ ฅ

Fig. 8. Corrected demand load for rotary operation

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.3.559/fig8.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9. ๋กœํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž‘์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์กฐ์ •๋œ ์š”๊ตฌ์ถœ๋ ฅ

Fig. 9. Corrected demand load for rotary operation

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.3.559/fig9.png

4. ๊ธฐ์ค€์„  ์ถ”์ •๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ œ์–ด ์ „๋žต

์ข…๋ž˜์˜ ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์›์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ œ์–ด๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์Šคํƒ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ด์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์Šˆํผ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์Šคํƒ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ดํ•˜์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์Šˆํผ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์ž‘์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์˜ ๋™์  ์‘๋‹ต์„ฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฐ€๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์Šˆํผ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ค€์„  ์ถ”์ •๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์š”๊ตฌ์ถœ๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์Šคํƒ์„ ๊ตฌ๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚จ์€ ์š”๊ตฌ์ถœ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์Šˆํผ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ œ์–ด์ „๋žต์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์Šˆํผ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๋ณ€๋™์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋‚จ์€ ์š”๊ตฌ์ถœ๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ณ ์ฃผํŒŒ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋œ ๊ณ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ œ์–ด์ „๋žต์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

4.1 ๋„๋กœ์ฃผํ–‰

๊ธฐ์กด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ œ์–ด์ „๋žต์—์„œ๋Š” ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ์˜ ๋„๋กœ์ฃผํ–‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์š”๊ตฌ์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์Šคํƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 10๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด 90kW ์ดํ•˜์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ์ถœ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋‹ดํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์กฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์Šˆํผ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 11๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์Šคํƒ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฐฉ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์Šˆํผ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์˜ ์ถฉ์ „์€ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์Šคํƒ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ด 90kW ์ดํ•˜์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ฆ‰์‹œ ์ถฉ์ „ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 10. ๋„๋กœ์ฃผํ–‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์Šคํƒ ์ถœ๋ ฅ

Fig. 10. Power of fuel cells for road driving

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๊ทธ๋ฆผ 11. ๋„๋กœ์ฃผํ–‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ์Šˆ์ปค์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์ถœ๋ ฅ

Fig. 11. Power of battery and super-capacitor for road driving

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์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„  ์ถ”์žฅ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ œ์–ด์ „๋žต์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 12์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋„๋กœ์ฃผํ–‰ ์‹œ ์š”๊ตฌ์ถœ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์„ ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ์‹ค์„ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์Šคํƒ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์Šคํƒ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์€ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ถœ๋ ฅ์ธ 90kW์—์„œ ์ œํ•œ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ค€์„  ์ถ”์ •๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์Šคํƒ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•œ ์ดํ›„ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์Šˆํผ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„๋‹ดํ•œ๋‹ค. ์Šˆํผ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์˜ ์žฅ์ ์ธ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ณ€๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‘๋‹ต์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 13, ์Šˆํผ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 14์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์Šˆํผ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์€ ๊ณ ์ฃผํŒŒ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ†ต๊ณผ๋œ ๋†’์€ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์˜์—ญ์— ํ•ด๋‹น๋œ๋‹ค.

๊ธฐ์ค€์„  ์ถ”์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์Šคํƒ์˜ ํšจ์œจ์€ 52.7%์—์„œ 55.2%๋กœ 2.5%p ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์šด์ „์  ๋ณ„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํšจ์œจ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” 19%p๊นŒ์ง€ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„  ์ถ”์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€ ์Šคํƒ์˜ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ณ€๋™์„ ์ค„์ด๊ณ , ๋†’์€ ํšจ์œจ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์šด์ „์ ์—์„œ ์šด์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์œจ์ด ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜์—ฌ ํšจ์œจ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 12. ๊ธฐ์ค€์„  ์ถ”์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋„๋กœ์ฃผํ–‰ ์‹œ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์Šคํƒ ์ถœ๋ ฅ

Fig. 12. Fuel cell power for road driving using baseline correction method

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.3.559/fig12.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 13. ๋„๋กœ์ฃผํ–‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ถœ๋ ฅ

Fig. 13. Battery power and SoC for road driving

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๊ทธ๋ฆผ 14. ๋„๋กœ์ฃผํ–‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์Šˆํผ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์ถœ๋ ฅ

Fig. 14. Super-capacitor power for road driving

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ํ‘œ 4 ๋„๋กœ์ฃผํ–‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํšจ์œจ๋น„๊ต

Table 4 Comparison of efficiency for road driving

Method

Units

Value

Conventional Method

%

52.7

Baseline Correction

%

55.2

Maximum Point Efficiency

%

19

4.2 ๋กœํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž‘์—…

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7์˜ ๋กœํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž‘์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ์ถœ๋ ฅ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 15๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ฃผํ–‰๋ถ€ํ•˜์™€ ๋™๋ ฅ์ธ์ถœ์žฅ์น˜๋ถ€ํ•˜๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผํ–‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‰๊ท ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” 9.3kW, ์ตœ๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” 13.2kW์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋กœํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž‘์—… ๋ถ€ํ•˜์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋™๋ ฅ์ธ์ถœ์žฅ์น˜์˜ ํ‰๊ท ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” 45.9kW, ์ตœ๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” 86.2kW์ด๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 15. ๋กœํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž‘์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฃผํ–‰๋ถ€ํ•˜์™€ PTO ๋ถ€ํ•˜

Fig. 15. Driving load and PTO load for rotary operation

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๋กœํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž‘์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์Šคํƒ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 16, ์Šˆํผ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 17์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„๋กœ์ฃผํ–‰์—์„œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋กœํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž‘์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ์ „๋žต์€ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์Šคํƒ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ถœ๋ ฅ์ธ 90kW๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์Šคํƒ์„ ๊ตฌ๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  90kW ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ์ถœ๋ ฅ์€ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์Šˆํผ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„๋‹ดํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ค€์„  ์ถ”์ •๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์š”๊ตฌ์ถœ๋ ฅ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 18๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ถ”์ •๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์Šคํƒ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ์Šˆํผ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 19 ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 20์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 16. ๋กœํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž‘์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์Šคํƒ ์ถœ๋ ฅ

Fig. 16. Fuel cell power for rotary operation

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.3.559/fig16.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 17. ๋กœํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž‘์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์Šˆํผ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ถœ๋ ฅ

Fig. 17. Power of super capacitor and battery for rotary operation

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๊ทธ๋ฆผ 18. ๊ธฐ์ค€์„  ์ถ”์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋กœํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž‘์—… ์‹œ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์Šคํƒ ์ถœ๋ ฅ

Fig. 18. Fuel cell power for rotary operation using baseline correction method

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๊ทธ๋ฆผ 19. ๋กœํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž‘์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ถœ๋ ฅ

Fig. 19. Battery power for rotary operation

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๊ทธ๋ฆผ 20. ๋กœํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž‘์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์Šˆํผ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์ถœ๋ ฅ

Fig. 20. Super capacitor power for rotary operation

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.3.559/fig20.png

๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„  ์ถ”์ •๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ‘œ 3๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ธฐ์กด ์ œ์–ด์ „๋žต์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ํšจ์œจ 52.7%์—์„œ 56.4%๋กœ 3.7%p ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์šด์ „์  ๋ณ„ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์Šคํƒ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํšจ์œจ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” 14.4%p๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„  ์ถ”์ •๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋†’์€ ํšจ์œจ ์šด์ „์ ์—์„œ ์šด์ „๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ์†๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ถ”์ข…์†๋„๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 21๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์†๋„์ถ”์ •์˜ค์ฐจ๋Š” 2% ์ด๋‚ด๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋˜์–ด ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

ํ‘œ 5 ๋กœํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž‘์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํšจ์œจ๋น„๊ต

Table 5 Comparison of efficiency for rotary operation

Method

Units

Value

Conventional Method

%

52.7

Baseline Correction

%

56.4

Maximum Point Efficiency

%

14.4

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 21. ๋กœํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž‘์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ ์ถ”์ข…์†๋„

Fig. 21. Speed of tractor for rotary operation

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.3.559/fig21.png

5. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์†Œ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ „๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋™ ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ์˜ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„  ์ถ”์ • ์ „๋ ฅ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ ์ „๋žต ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋„๋กœ์ฃผํ–‰ ๋ฐ ๋กœํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž‘์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ค์ œ ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋„๋กœ์ฃผํ–‰ ๋ฐ ๋กœํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž‘์—…๋ถ€ํ•˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„  ์ถ”์ •๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์Šคํƒ์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์Šˆํผ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„๋‹ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ œ์–ด์ „๋žต์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋ณ€๋™์€ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ธฐ์ค€์„  ์ถ”์ •๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋œ ์ €์ฃผํŒŒ ์˜์—ญ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์€ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์— ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ๋˜๊ณ  ๊ณ ์ฃผํŒŒ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋ณ€๋™์€ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์Šˆํผ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์— ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์šด์ „์ ์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ์–ด ๋กœ์ง์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผํ–‰ ๋ฐ ๋†์ž‘์—… ํ•ด์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ œ์–ด์ „๋žต์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋„๋กœ์ฃผํ–‰์—์„œ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ํšจ์œจ์€ 52.7%์—์„œ 55.2%๋กœ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋กœํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž‘์—…์—์„œ๋Š” ํ‰๊ท  ํšจ์œจ์ด 52.7%์—์„œ 56.4%๋กœ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„  ์ถ”์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ œ์–ด์ „๋žต์€ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์˜ ๋‚ด๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ํšจ์œจ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Technology Innovation Program (20023463, Development of powerbased power distribution and thermal management system) funded By the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy(MOTIE, Korea).

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์ €์ž์†Œ๊ฐœ

๊น€์ฐฌํ˜ธ(Chan-Ho Kim)
../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.3.559/au1.png

He received a double B.S. degree in electrical and mechanical engineering and a M.S. in electrical engineering from Chosun University, South Korea, in 2014 and 2016, respectively. He also received a Ph.D. in electronics and electrical engineering from Sungkyunkwan University, South Korea, in 2023. Since then, he is currently a senior researcher with the Green Energy System Research Center, Korea Automotive Technology Institute, South Korea. His research interests include the numerical analysis and optimal design of electric machines and powertrain systems for electric vehicles.

๊น€ํƒœ๋™(Tae-Dong Kim)
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Tae-Dong Kim received B.S., M.S. degrees in department of mechanical engineering in 2018 and 2020 from Yeungnam University, South Korea. He is currently a researcher with Green Energy System Research Center, Automotive Technology Institute, South Korea. His research interests include the numerical analysis and optimal design of electric machines and powertrain system for electric vehicles.

์†์„ฑ์žฌ(Seong-Jae Son)
../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.3.559/au3.png

Seong-Jae Son received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in ICT Convergence System Engineering from Chonnam National University, Korea in 2020 and 2022. He is currently working at Korea Automotive Technology Institute from 2023. His current research interests are vehicle control and deep learning.

์ •๊ธธ์„ฑ(Gil-Sung Jung)
../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.3.559/au4.png

He obtained a B.S. degree in mechanical design engineering from Chonnam National University, South Korea, in 1997, and subsequently earned both a M.S. and a Ph.D. in mechanical engineering, also from Chonnam National University, in 2008. Afterwards, he studied hybrid vehicle power systems at the University of Michigan-Dearborn as a research fellow from 2008 to 2009. Since then, he is currently an executive principal researcher with the Green Energy System Research Center, Korea Automotive Technology Institute, South Korea. His research interests include the numerical analysis and optimal design of powertrain systems for various types of electric vehicles (BEVs, HEVs, and FCEVs.)

์ด์Šน์—ฝ(SeungYeop Lee)
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He obtained a B.S. degree in mechanical engineering. also M.S. degree in aerospace engineering from Jeonbuk National University, South Korea, in 2010. Continuously have studied on numerical analysis for internal combustion, propulsion and aftertreatment system. since then, currently a principal researcher with the green energy system research center, korea automotive technology institute. Currently He is research includes safety analysis and robust design for advanced mobility platform.