A. Takahashi, T. Suto, M. Ito, R. Iwano, T. Hara, "Comparison of Gear-Drive and Direct-Drive Systems for In-Wheel Motors," Torino, Italy, pp. 1-7, 2024.

S. P. Nikam, V. Rallabandi, B. G. Fernandes, "A High-Torque-Density Permanent-Magnet Free Motor for in-Wheel Electric Vehicle Application," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 2287-2295, 2012.

S. Qiu, Y. Lu, J. Li, "Multi-Physics Design and Analysis of Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Motors for In-Wheel Direct-Drive," Torino, Italy, pp. 1-7, 2024.

R. Wang, B. Wang, S. Dai, M. Cheng, W. Hua, "Design and Analysis of High Torque Density Dual Three-Phase Fault-Tolerant Permanent Magnet Vernier Machine for In-Wheel Drive," IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 13104-13114, 2025.

Y. Yu, S. Xie, F. Chai, Y. Pei, X. Zhang, C. H. T. Lee, "Analysis and Suppression of Core and PM Losses in Fractional-Slot Permanent Magnet Vernier Machine and PMSM for in-Wheel Application," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 6305-6316, 2025.

Y. Zhao, X. Ren, X. Fan, D. Li, R. Qu, "A High Power Factor Permanent Magnet Vernier Machine With Modular Stator and Yokeless Rotor," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 70, no. 7, pp. 7141-7152, 2023.

N. Kim, C. Kim, T. Ji, H. Yoon, H. Oh, S. Jung, "Comparative Study of Electromagnetic Performances and Loss of Vernier Motor and Synchronous Motor According to Eddy Current Effect," The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 57-64, 2023.

D. Jang, Ph.D. dissertation, "A Study on Analysis and Optimization of Magnetic Field Modulation in Permanent Magnet Vernier Motor," Dong-A University, Republic of Korea, 2019.

B. Kim, T. A. Lipo, "Operation and Design Principles of a PM Vernier Motor," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 50, no. 6, pp. 3656-3663, 2014.

Y. Yu, F. Chai, Y. Pei, M. Doppelbauer, C. H. T. Lee, "Investigation of Power Factor Characteristic in Permanent Magnet Motors for In-Wheel Direct Drive Application," IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 1699-1710, 2024.

Y. Zhao, D. Li, Z. Liang, R. Qu, "A High Power Factor PM Vernier Machine With Segmented Stator," IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 9294-9303, 2024.

D. K. Kana Padinharu, G. J. Li, Z. Q. Zhu, R. Clark, Z. Azar, A. Thomas, "Investigation of scaling effect on power factor of permanent magnet Vernier machines for wind power application," IET Electric Power Applications, vol. 14, no. 11, pp. 2136-2145, 2020.

H.-J. Kim, S.-W. Baek, "Comparison of Characteristics of Concentrated Winding Ferrite Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors according to Pole/Slot Combinations," The Journal of the Korea Institute of Electronic Communication Sciences, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 495-504, 2025.

H.-S. Kwon, Ph.D. dissertation, "Optimal Design of Vernier Permanent Magnet Motor for Robot Joint," Seoul National University, Republic of Korea, 2020.